Figure 3.

Peak sagittal-plane spine (A) and trunk (B) and frontal-plane trunk (C) angles (mean ± SEM) measured during the loading phase of jogging gait before (baseline) and after fatiguing isometric lumbar extension exercise. The control group exhibited reduced sagittal-plane spine (^a P  =  .02) and trunk (^b P  =  .04) angles and frontal-plane trunk (^c P  =  .05) angles postexercise, whereas the group with low back pain did not (P  =  .62, P  =  .62, and P  =  .22, respectively). Greater spine angle values indicate greater lumbar lordosis, and greater trunk angles indicate greater trunk flexion and lateral flexion in the sagittal plane and frontal plane, respectively.