Table 3.

Lifetime risk (%) of heart failure at age 40 according to lifestyle factors

Lifestyle factors	N	Total deaths	Heart failure cases	Lifetime risk (95% CI)*
Smoking
Never smoking	10,360	227	473	13.20 (11.73–14.66)
Ever smoking	10,540	3399	727	14.35 (13.12–15.59)
Fruit and vegetable intake
≥ 4 servings/d	1,485	546	97	11.94 (9.47–14.42)
< 4 servings/d	19,415	5127	1103	14.03 (13.00–15.05)
Breakfast cereal
≥ 1 serving/week	11,393	3094	620	12.92 (11.71–14.13)
< 1 serving/week	9,507	2579	580	15.02 (13.49–16.54)
Exercise
≥ 5 times/week	3,380	930	161	11.44 (9.42–13.45)
< 5 times/week	17,520	4743	1039	14.28 (13.21–15.35)
Alcohol intake
5–14 times/week	7,807	2431	460	13.13 (11.72–14.54)
< 5 times/week	13,093	3242	740	14.22 (12.95–15.48)
Overweight
BMI < 25 kg/m2	12,007	3021	517	11.34 (10.15–12.53)
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2	8,893	2652	683	16.88 (15.36–18.41)

^*Lifetime risk is the mortality–adjusted cumulative risk conditional on disease-free survival to the age of 40. CI denotes confidence interval.