Table 1.
General characteristics of the study population
| Controls | Cases | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| n=1,819 | n=1,819 | |||||
| Matching variables | ||||||
| Age, y | 58 | ± | 11 | 58 | ± | 11 |
| Women, % | 27 | 27 | ||||
| Area of residence, % rural | 26 | 26 | ||||
| General characteristics | ||||||
| Body mass index, kg/cm2 | 26.4 | ± | 4.3 | 25.9 | ± | 4.0 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.95 | ± | 0.07 | 0.97 | ± | 0.07 |
| Physical activity, METs/d | 1.55 | ± | 0.65 | 1.50 | ± | 0.67 |
| Monthly household income, US$ | 580 | ± | 425 | 506 | ± | 393 |
| History of diabetes, % | 15 | 24 | ||||
| History of hypertension, % | 30 | 39 | ||||
| Current smokers, % ≥ 1 cig/d | 21 | 40 | ||||
| Current drinkers, % | 40 | 37 | ||||
| Total fat, % energy | 31.8 | ± | 5.8 | 32.4 | ± | 5.9 |
| Saturated fat, % energy | 10.4 | ± | 2.7 | 11.1 | ± | 2.9 |
| Monounsaturated fat, % energy | 11.8 | ± | 3.8 | 11.9 | ± | 3.5 |
| Polyunsaturated fat, % energy | 6.2 | ± | 2.0 | 6.0 | ± | 2.0 |
| Trans fat, % energy | 1.42 | ± | 0.7 | 1.45 | ± | 0.7 |
| Carbohydrates, % energy | 55.4 | ± | 7.3 | 54.3 | ± | 7.6 |
| Protein, % energy | 13.0 | ± | 2.1 | 13.2 | ± | 2.2 |
| Cholesterol, mg/1000 kcal | 118 | ± | 53 | 126 | ± | 58 |
| Fiber, g/1000 kcal | 10.0 | ± | 2.5 | 9.5 | ± | 2.4 |
| Fish, g/d* | 17.3 | ± | 15.5 | 18.3 | ± | 18.3 |
| α-Linolenic acid | ||||||
| Intake, g/d* | 1.63 | ± | 0.63 | 1.57 | ± | 0.63 |
| Intake, % energy | 0.60 | ± | 0.23 | 0.58 | ± | 0.23 |
| Intake, % total fat | 1.93 | ± | 0.77 | 1.82 | ± | 0.75 |
| Adipose, % total fat | 0.65 | ± | 0.21 | 0.62 | ± | 0.21 |
METs, metabolic equivalent tasks, EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid, and DHA docosahexaenoic acid.
*
Adjusted for total energy by using the residual method.
All variables except trans fat and fish are significantly different between cases and controls p<0.05