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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Sep 11.
Published in final edited form as: Circulation. 2008 Jul 7;118(4):339–345. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.762419

Table 2.

Population characteristics by deciles of adipose tissue α-linolenic acid among controls

Deciles of adipose tissue α-linolenic acid
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 P
Median, % total fatty acids 0.36 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.64 0.7 0.77 0.88 1.04 for tend
α-Linolenic acid intake g/d* 1.11 1.25 1.38 1.38 1.52 1.62 1.79 1.83 2.08 2.35 <0.0001
α-Linolenic acid intake, % energy 0.42 0.46 0.51 0.51 0.57 0.6 0.65 0.67 0.76 0.86 <0.0001
Waist-to-hip ratio 0.95 0.94 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.36
Physical activity, METs/d 1.49 1.54 1.52 1.49 1.46 1.45 1.58 1.65 1.61 1.71 <0.0001
Monthly household income, US$ 428 510 581 619 676 640 625 599 526 517 0.26
Current smokers, % ≥ 1 cig/d 29 25 17 18 23 16 20 21 25 15 0.21
Current drinkers, % 39 42 43 40 45 41 46 41 38 32 0.56
History of diabetes, % 22 13 17 12 17 14 15 12 12 14 0.003
History of hypertension, % 38 32 31 28 31 27 27 30 33 25 0.01
Daily dietary intake
Energy, kcal per day 2,430 2,425 2,428 2,431 2,490 2,450 2,497 2,437 2,438 2,492 0.62
Saturated fat, % energy 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 9 10 9 <0.0001
Monounsaturated fat, % energy 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 0.002
Linoleic acid, % energy 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 <0.0001
Trans fat, % energy 1.2 1.39 1.44 1.34 1.41 1.46 1.49 1.45 1.55 1.49 0.0003
EPA, % energy 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.11
DHA, % energy 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.16
Cholesterol, mg/1000 kcal 127 124 122 120 111 116 116 109 123 118 0.04
Fiber, g/1000 kcal 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 <0.0001
Fish, g* 14 16 16 19 17 18 19 17 18 18 0.03
Adipose tissue % total fatty acids
 EPA 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 <0.0001
 DHA 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.005
 Linoleic 10 12 14 14 15 16 17 18 18 21 <0.0001
 Trans 2.15 2.42 2.6 2.55 2.67 2.69 2.7 2.72 2.72 2.75 <0.0001

METs, metabolic equivalent tasks, EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid, and DHA docosahexaenoic acid.

*

Adjusted for total energy by using the residual method. N=1,819

Values are means except where the prevalence is indicated as %.