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. 2009 Aug 27;3:17. doi: 10.3389/neuro.08.017.2009

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Copyright © 2009 Ahern and Young.

This is an open-access article subject to an exclusive license agreement between the authors and the Frontiers Research Foundation, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited.

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Spontaneous alloparental behavior. SM- and BP-reared adults were tested for spontaneous alloparental nurturing behavior. SM-reared adult female offspring showed significantly lower levels of pup-directed alloparental care (time licking and grooming and time immobile over pups) and spent most of their time away from the pups, in comparison to BP-reared adult females (A). SM- and BP-reared males showed no differences in key measures of alloparental behavior (B). Based on previously published criteria (Lonstein and De Vries, 1999; Olazábal and Young, 2005), individual animals from each sex and group were categorized as spontaneously maternal (C) or spontaneously paternal (D). Bar graphs represent means + SEM (A,B) or mean percentages (C,D). ■, BP-reared adult offspring; □, SM-reared adult offspring. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.