Figure 4.

Partner preference testing. SM- and BP-reared adults were tested for social bonding behavior in the partner preference test at three time-points throughout cohabitation: 24 h, 48 h, and 1 week post-pairing. SM-reared adult females exhibited a slower onset of partner preference formation compared to BP-reared adult females (A), with BP-reared females demonstrating significant group partner preferences at all three time-points and SM-reared females only during the 1-week test. SM-reared adult males also exhibited a slower onset of partner preference formation compared BP-reared adult males (B), again, with BP-reared males showing significant group partner preferences during all three time points, while SM-reared males demonstrated a significant partner preference only at 1 week. Bar graphs represent means + SEM. ■, BP-reared adult offspring; □, SM-reared adult offspring. *P < 0.05, ns = not significant.