Table 4.

Acute Effects of ECT on Recovery of Orientation and Cognitive Functions, According to Treatment Group.^*

	Ultrabrief Pulse Right Unilateral ECT	Ultrabrief Pulse Bilateral ECT	Brief Pulse Right Unilateral ECT	Brief Pulse Bilateral ECT	PW	EP	EPxPW	No. of Treatments	Age
Post-ictal Orientation Recovery
Time to recovery of orientation (min)‖	10±6a	14±7b	22±9c	33±21d	45.6¶	9.6‡	0.2	0.0	0.7
Treatment sessions with prolonged disorientation (%)	0.0±0.0a	0.4±1.7a	1.1±3.5a	10.0±24.6b	5.1†	2.5	1.3	0.0	7.6‡
Retrograde Memory
Word recall	−0.5±0.8a	−0.7±0.5a,b	−1.0±0.4b	−1.1±0.4b	16.3¶	1.4	0.3	4.2†	0.3
Word recall and recognition‖	−0.4±0.9a	−0.7±0.8a	−1.3±1.1b	−1.4±0.9b	19.1¶	0.2	0.9	7.3‡	0.8
Geometric shape recognition‖	−0.1±0.4a	−0.2±0.6a	−0.8±0.9b	−0.8±0.8b	25.7¶	0.0	0.8	1.3	7.9‡
Nonsense shape recognition‖	0.0±0.6a	0.0±0.5a	−0.3±0.8a,b	−0.4±0.7b	8.8‡	0.1	0.1	2.7	6.4†
Neutral face recognition	−0.9±0.9a	−1.3±1.0a,b	−1.5±1.1b	−1.7±0.9b	9.1‡	1.6	0.4	0.6	4.0†
Anterograde Memory
Affective face recognition‖	−0.8±1.1	−0.8±0.8	−1.1±1.0	−1.2±0.8	4.0†	0.1	0.1	8.4‡	13.7§
Sentence recognition‖	−0.6±0.8a	−1.1±0.6b	−2.0±0.8c	−1.7±0.9c	32.2§	0.3	0.3	1.6	0.2
Sentence temporal order	−0.7±0.5	−0.7±0.5	−0.6±0.9	−0.8±0.7	0.0	0.5	0.5	0.5	6.9‡
Cancellation Performance
Omission Errors	−0.8±0.9a	−0.9±1.0a,b	−1.4±1.0b	−1.1±1.1a,b	4.6†	0.1	0.9	0.4	24.9§
Commission Errors	−0.3±0.8a	−0.4±0.9a	−1.0±1.2b	−0.8±1.0a,b	5.5†	0.0	0.6	1.2	1.5
Verbal Fluency
Letter	−0.7±0.7	−0.6±0.8	−0.6±0.7	−0.9±0.7	0.2	0.2	1.1	4.9†	2.2
Category	−0.3±1.1a	−0.6±0.7a,b	−0.8±0.7b	−0.9±0.6b	5.6†	1.4	0.3	11.7§	4.9†
Language
Visual confrontation naming	0.2±0.8a	−0.2±1.0a,b	−0.6±1.3b	−0.4±1.2a,b	3.9†	0.5	1.5	0.1	12.8§
Naming from verbal description	−0.0±0.9	−0.1±0.6	−0.3±1.3	−0.5±0.9	3.2	0.0	0.4	2.3	16.5¶

^*Plus–minus values are means±SD. PW is the F-value for the main effect of pulse width from the ANCOVA. EP is F-value for the main effect of electrode placement. EPxPW is the F-value for the interaction between pulse width and electrode placement. No. of Treatments is the F-value for the covariate, number of ECT treatments. Age is the F-value for the covariate, patient age. Higher values indicate grater impairment for the 3 orientation measures. For all other measures, lower values indicate greater impairment. Values with different letter superscripts differed significantly from each other in post hoc t-tests on least-squares adjusted means (P<0.05).

^†F-value was significant in the ANCOVA (P<0.05)

^‡F-value was significant in the ANCOVA (P<0.01)

^§F-value was significant in the ANCOVA (P<0.001)

^¶F-value was significant in the ANCOVA (P<0.0001).

^‖Declared a priori as a primary outcome measure.