Table 5.
Estimated Hazard Ratios for Other Control Variables
| Other Control Variables | Hazard Ratio | Standard Error | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Panel A: Socio-Economic Conditions around 1860 | |||
| 1860 individual wealth | 0.9894 | * | 0.0059 |
| Dummy of occupation at enlistment | |||
| Professional worker | 1.1284 | 0.1530 | |
| Farmer | 0.8217 | *** | 0.0365 |
| White collar worker | 0.9417 | 0.1009 | |
| Blue collar worker | 0.9468 | 0.0472 | |
| Unemployed or unknown | Omitted | ||
| Panel B: Wartime Experiences | |||
| Enlistment year dummy | |||
| 1861 | 1.1587 | ** | 0.0799 |
| 1862 | 1.1263 | * | 0.0728 |
| 1863 | 1.0424 | 0.0907 | |
| 1864 | 1.0336 | 0.0665 | |
| 1865 | Omitted | ||
| Initial Rank: Private | 1.0288 | 0.0557 | |
| Dummy of wartime experience | |||
| Infections and illness | 1.0021 | 0.0383 | |
| Wounds and injuries | 0.9433 | 0.0365 | |
| POW | 1.0055 | 0.0642 | |
| Panel C: Later Health Conditions | |||
| Dummy of later health conditions | |||
| Cardiovascular diseases | 1.0524 | 0.3862 | |
| Rheumatism/musculo-skeletal | 1.0700 | 0.4947 | |
| Respiratory | 4.9981 | *** | 1.6406 |
| Diarrhea | 0.8303 | 0.2281 | |
| Nervous System | 1.0563 | 0.5301 | |
| Genito-Urinary | 0.7346 | 0.3355 | |
| Infections | 0.6683 | 0.3714 | |
| Eye | 0.6337 | 0.2580 | |
| Gastrointestinal | 0.8178 | 0.8226 | |
| Poor Appearance | 2.6073 | * | 1.4267 |
| Hernia | 1.7358 | ** | 0.4839 |
| Injuries | 1.1281 | 0.1018 | |
| Liver/Spleen/Gallbladder | 1.1286 | 0.8021 | |
| Rectum/Hemorrhoids | 0.5504 | 0.3185 | |
| Varicose Veins | 0.9295 | 0.3656 | |
| Fevers | 0.8942 | 0.2697 | |
| LR χ2 (p-value) | 1253.6 (0.000) | ||
Notes: 1860 individual wealth is obtained from the 1860 census records, summing real estate and personal property values. Later health conditions are found in the surgeons’ certificates of the pension records. The other variables are found in the Union Army military records. Single asterisk denotes statistical significance at the 90% level of confidence, double 95%, triple 99%.