TABLE 2.

Bivariate Associations Between General CAM Use in the Past Year and Participation in Diabetes Self-Management in the Past Week (Count [%]) in the ELDER Study

		Physically Active >0 Days		Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose >0 Days		Foot Inspection >0 Days		Following Healthful Eating Plan >0 Days		Medication Adherence 7 Days
CAM Category	N	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%
Food home remedy
Yes	354	118	33.5	275	77.7	279	79.3	118	33.6	326	92.1
No	324	86	26.8	241	74.4	238	75.3	106	33.5	301	92.9
Other home remedy
Yes	385	116	30.4	301	78.2	309	80.7*	133	35.0	352	91.4
No	294	88	30.1	216	73.5	209	73.1	91	31.6	276	93.9
Vitamins/minerals
Yes	341	104	30.7	270	79.2	269	80.1	134	40.0***	318	93.3
No	338	100	29.9	247	73.1	249	74.8	90	27.0	310	91.7
Herbs
Yes	39	15	38.5	30	76.9	31	79.5	19	50.0*	37	94.9a
No	640	189	29.8	487	76.1	487	77.3	205	32.5	591	92.3
Popular manufactured products
Yes	41	16	39.0	33	80.5	33	80.5	20	51.3*	39	95.1a
No	630	186	29.8	478	75.9	478	77.0	203	32.7	583	92.5
CAM therapies
Yes	67	20	30.3	55	82.1	55	83.3	32	49.2**	63	94.0
No	611	184	30.3	461	75.5	462	76.7	191	31.7	564	92.3
CAM practitioners
Yes	57	19	33.3	47	82.5	45	80.4	20	35.7	51	89.5a
No	619	185	30.1	467	75.4	470	77.1	204	33.5	574	92.7

Note. CAM = complementary and alternative medicine; ELDER = Evaluating Long-term Diabetes Self-management among Elder Rural Adults; N = maximum row denominator; number may vary slightly because of missing data.

^aFisher’s exact test used because of low expected cell counts.

^*.01 < p ≤ .05

^**.001 < p ≤ .01

^***p ≤ .001, for chi-square tests of association between CAM categories and self-management domains.