Figure 1.

Mitochondrial stress-mediated transcriptional activation of RyR1, Cathepsin L, and Glut4 promoters. (A) Relative promoter activity in control cells with normal mtDNA levels (□) and mtDNA-depleted (■) cells. (B) Minimal regions of RyR1, Cathepsin L, and Glut4 promoters required for stress responsive transcriptional activation. (C and D). Effects of mutations at the putative factor binding sites of the promoter on transcription activity in control and mtDNA-depleted cells. Data represent the mean ± SD of three separate experiments. **p < 0.001, represents highly significant difference.