TABLE 1.

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Individuals With Depression Related to Bereavement Versus Other Stressful Life Events^a

	Depression Group						Interaction Between Depression Group and Meeting or Not Meeting Normal Grief Criteria
Variable	Related to Bereavement (N=82)		Related to Other Stressful Life Events (N=224)		Main Effect Comparison of Depression Groups
Demographic characteristics
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t (df=304)	p	p
Age at index episode	35.1	7.4	33.0	8.2	−2.10	0.04	0.88
	%		%		χ2 (df=1)	p	p
Female	72.0		56.3		6.19	0.01	0.05
DSM-IV exclusion criteria
Duration of > 2 months	32.9		43.3		2.47	0.12b	—c
Psychomotor retardation	39.0		41.1		0.21	0.64b	—c
A.9 suicidal ideation	14.6		22.8		1.56	0.21b	—c
Severe work impairment	17.1		14.9		0.08	0.77b	—c
Meets criteria for “uncomplicated bereavement-related disorder or standard life-event-related depression”	28.1		24.6		0.38	0.53	—c
Additional characteristics of index depressive episode
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	χ2 (df=1)	pd	pd
Mean duration (weeks)	2.3	2.4	2.7	2.8	1.67	0.20	0.60
	%		%		χ2 (df=1)	p	p
Treatment seeking for index episode	26.8		36.2		3.91	0.05b	0.92b
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	χ2 (df=1)	pd	p
Endorsed criteria for index depressive episode
Number of endorsed “A criteria”	6.1	1.0	6.3	1.1	0.96	0.33
	%		%		χ2 (df=1)	p	p
A1–sad mood	100.0		99.6		0.00	0.97b	e
A2–loss of interest	98.8		91.4		3.76	0.05b	e
A3–appetite or weight change	77.8		74.1		0.58	0.45b	0.93b
A4–sleep change	77.8		80.9		0.44	0.51b	0.42b
A5–psychomotor changes	70.4		74.1		0.75	0.39b	0.67b
A6–fatigue	74.1		59.6		4.69	0.03b	0.25b
A7–guilt	34.6		62.6		18.01	<0.0001b	0.16b
A8–difficulty concentrating	63.2		66.7		0.28	0.59	0.48b
Past history	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	χ2 (df=1)	pd	pd
Number of previous major depressive episodes	3.0	8.5	4.3	13.4	0.67	0.41	0.88
Age at first major depressive episode	24.5	10.8	21.4	9.7	2.99	0.08	0.87
Personality traitsf
Neuroticism	−0.21	0.94	0.08	1.01	5.15	0.02	0.89
Extraversion	0.03	0.95	−0.01	1.02	0.10	0.75	0.63
	%		%		χ2 (df=1)	p	p
Cormorbidity (lifetime)
Generalized anxiety disorder	17.7		18.4		0.11	0.74b	0.63b
Phobia	32.9		40.3		2.34	0.13b	0.37b
Panic disorder	3.8		4.5		0.23	0.63b	e
Conduct disorder	9.4		16.9		1.09	0.30b	0.33b
Adult antisocial personality traits	14.1		18.2		0.09	0.77b	0.71b
Alcohol abuse or dependence	34.2		45.4		0.79	0.37b	0.48b
Cannabis abuse or dependence	17.1		23.4		0.33	0.57b	0.53b
Other validators
Percent with ≥1 subsequent episode	34.2		33.5		0.01	0.91b	0.46b
Percent with major depression in co-twing	41.1		42.5		0.27	0.60	0.07

^aBolded statistically significant results defined as <0.05 for main effect analyses and <0.10 for interaction analyses.

^bBy logistic regression, with controls for age and sex.

^cNot estimable by definition.

^dBy linear regression, with controls for age and sex.

^eNot estimable owing to quasi-complete separation of the data.

^fStandardized: mean=0, variance=1.

^gControlled for sex of co-twin, age, and zygosity.