Table 2.
Gender Differences in Heart Failure Self-Care by Sample
| Men Mean±SD | Women Mean±SD | t | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multinational Sample | ||||
| Self-Care Maintenance | 71.54±16.97 | 68.03±18.62 | 4.290 | <.001 |
| Self-Care Management | 55.80±20.94 | 54.66±20.91 | 1.122 | .262 |
| Self-Care Confidence | 67.11±20.18 | 65.65±21.35 | 1.542 | .123 |
| U.S. Sub-Sample | ||||
| Self-Care Maintenance | 66.84±15.99 | 62.81±17.53 | 2.778 | .006 |
| Self-Care Management | 67.25±18.33 | 63.10±19.22 | 2.205 | .028 |
| Self-Care Confidence | 71.82±16.05 | 71.11±18.06 | .481 | .631 |
| Australian Sub-Sample | ||||
| Self-Care Maintenance | 78.18±14.21 | 78.23±14.14 | −.055 | .956 |
| Self-Care Management | 56.66±20.19 | 58.11±20.28 | −1.045 | .296 |
| Self-Care Confidence | 70.40±18.82 | 69.81±18.89 | .484 | .629 |
| Thailand Sub-Sample | ||||
| Self-Care Maintenance | 56.44±15.03 | 55.13±16.62 | .860 | .409 |
| Self-Care Management | 40.12±15.91 | 41.24±16.75 | −.689 | .491 |
| Self-Care Confidence | 47.27±19.66 | 51.50±22.98 | −1.972 | .049 |
Note: Self-Care scores represent the self-care maintenance, self-care management, and self-care confidence scales of the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index. All self-care scales also varied significantly by country (all p<.0001). t = two-tailed t-test for equality of means without assuming equal variance. SD = standard deviation.