Table 9.
Recommended sequence parameters for CMR in suspected myocardial inflammation.
| Sequence | Orientation | Slice thickness | Repetition time | Echo time | Flip angle | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Function, pericardial effusion (SSFP images) | Steady-state free precession (SSFP) | Multiple short axis or multiple long axis |
8mm (+2mm gap) or 10mm (no gap) | <5ms | <2ms | 45 to 65° |
| Edema (T2-weighted images) | Triple-inversion recovery, black-blood fast/turbo spin echo (STIR) For assessing regional edema, the following sequences can be used instead: - ACUT2E TSE SSFP - T2-prepared SSFP - Double-inversion recovery fast/turbo spin echo (DIR) |
Multiple short axis and long axis | 10 to 15mm | >2000ms | 60–70ms | 90° |
| Hyperemia Capillary leak (myocardial early gadolinium enhancement ratio) | Non-breath-hold black-blood fast/turbo (FSE/TSE) spin echo | Multiple short axis or axial |
10mm | 1 R-R interval | <20m s | |
| Irreversible cell injury (myocardial late gadolinium enhancement) | T1-weighted, inversion-recovery prepared gradient echo with fat-sat prepulse, if available | Multiple short axis and long axis | 6 to 10mm | ≥ 2 R-R intervals | <4ms |
SSFP: Steady-state free precession; STIR: Short-TI inversion recovery; ACUT2E TSE: Acquisition for Cardiac Unified T2 Edema.