TABLE 4.
Results from Cox proportional hazard regression analyses estimating hazard ratios for incident type 2 diabetes with the dietary pattern score as the main independent variable in the Framingham Offspring Cohort 1991–2001 (n = 2879)1
| HRs and 95% CIs of quartile categories of the dietary pattern score |
HRs for continuous increase of the dietary pattern score2 | ||||
| First | Second | Third | Fourth | ||
| Nurses' Health Study | |||||
| Exploratory | |||||
| Case (%) | 19 (2.6) | 27 (3.8) | 47 (6.5) | 65 (9.0) | |
| PY | 4874 | 4905 | 4818 | 4912 | |
| Crude | 1.0 | 1.46 | 2.53 | 3.33 | 1.57 |
| Adjusted3 | 1.0 | 1.49 | 2.55 | 3.22 | 1.58 |
| 95% CI | 0.82, 2.68 | 1.48, 4.38 | 1.93, 5.38 | 1.37, 1.83 | |
| Confirmatory | |||||
| Case (%) | 18 (2.5) | 38 (5.3) | 36 (5.0) | 66 (9.2) | |
| PY | 4904 | 4868 | 4931 | 4805 | |
| Crude | 1.0 | 2.16 | 2.03 | 3.88 | 1.39 |
| Adjusted3 | 1.0 | 2.21 | 2.07 | 4.14 | 1.44 |
| 95% CI | 1.25, 3.88 | 1.16, 3.67 | 2.45, 6.99 | 1.25, 1.66 | |
| EPIC Study | |||||
| Exploratory | |||||
| Case (%) | 13 (1.8) | 33 (4.6) | 40 (5.6) | 72 (10.0) | |
| PY | 4906 | 4879 | 4852 | 4872 | |
| Crude | 1.0 | 2.58 | 3.21 | 5.50 | 1.57 |
| Adjusted3 | 1.0 | 2.73 | 3.41 | 5.46 | 1.60 |
| 95% CI | 1.43, 5.23 | 1.81, 6.41 | 3.02, 9.87 | 1.39, 1.83 | |
| Confirmatory | |||||
| Case (%) | 31 (4.3) | 38 (5.3) | 44 (6.1) | 45 (6.3) | |
| PY | 4909 | 4848 | 4896 | 4856 | |
| Crude | 1.0 | 1.26 | 1.45 | 1.53 | 1.14 |
| Adjusted3 | 1.0 | 1.40 | 1.45 | 1.55 | 1.14 |
| 95% CI | 0.86, 2.26 | 0.91, 2.30 | 0.98, 2.46 | 0.99, 1.32 | |
| Whitehall II Study | |||||
| Exploratory | |||||
| Case (%) | 18 (2.5) | 28 (3.9) | 40 (5.6) | 72 (10.0) | |
| PY | 4906 | 4857 | 4878 | 4868 | |
| Crude | 1.0 | 1.61 | 2.27 | 4.03 | 1.55 |
| Adjusted3 | 1.0 | 1.60 | 2.27 | 4.02 | 1.60 |
| 95% CI | 0.88, 2.90 | 1.30, 3.97 | 2.39, 6.75 | 1.39, 1.83 | |
| Confirmatory | |||||
| Case (%) | 29 (4.0) | 35 (4.9) | 45 (6.3) | 49 (6.8) | |
| PY | 4900 | 4901 | 4860 | 4848 | |
| Crude | 1.0 | 1.17 | 1.58 | 1.74 | 1.16 |
| Adjusted3 | 1.0 | 1.29 | 1.63 | 1.81 | 1.16 |
| 95% CI | 0.78, 2.11 | 1.01, 2.61 | 1.14, 2.87 | 1.00, 1.35 | |
1
EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Potsdam Study; HR, hazard ratio; PY, person-years.
2
HRs according to linear increase by 1 SD of each dietary pattern score in the Cox proportional hazard regression model.
3
Adjusted model included sex, age (<50, 50–64, or ≥65 y), parental history of diabetes (yes or no), blood pressure treatment (yes or no), caloric intake (quintiles), and weight change (quintiles).