Table 2.
General characteristics of participants (by the time of February 2009)
| Pregnant women and their husbands | Mother | Father |
|---|---|---|
| Age (year), N (mean ± SD) | 1209 (30.1 ± 3.8) | 1169 (31.6 ± 4.1) |
| Maternal height (cm), N (mean ± SD) | 1045 (161.2 ± 4.7) | 1015 (173.7 ± 5.3) |
| Maternal weight (kg), N (mean ± SD) | 1046 (59.6 ± 9.2) | 1045 (73.6 ± 10.5) |
| Occupation, N (%) | ||
| Yes | 391 (37.5) | 46 (4.6) |
| No | 653 (62.6) | 955 (95.4) |
| Maternal educational level (year), N (%) | ||
| <12 | 218 (18.5) | 467 (38) |
| 12–16 | 756 (64.1) | 663 (54) |
| 16+ | 206 (17.5) | 99 (8.1) |
| Family monthly income ($US), N (%) | ||
| <200 | 426 (35.1) | 260 (21.5) |
| 200–400 | 714 (59.3) | 738 (61) |
| >400 | 68 (5.6) | 212 (17.5) |
| Smoking history, N (%) | ||
| Non-smoker | 972 (88.6) | 265 (25) |
| Smoker | 122 (11.2) | 796 (75) |
| Drinking history, N (%) | ||
| Non-drinking | 326 (31.3) | 135 (13) |
| Drinker | 716 (68.7) | 902 (87) |
| Children | Neonate | 6 month in children |
|---|---|---|
| Gender, N (%) | ||
| Male | 454 (50.9) | 191 (51.9) |
| Female | 438 (49.1) | 177 (48.1) |
| Gestational age (mean ± SD) | 912 (39 ± 1.7) | – |
| Weight (g) (mean ± SD) | 892 (3250.9 ± 435.5) | 8.41 ± 1.2 |
| Height (cm) (mean ± SD) | 518 (50.6 ± 2.7) | 69.48 ± 3.3 |
| Preterm, N (%) | 32 (3.6) | – |
| Low birth weight, N (%) | 15 (2.0) | – |
| Colostrum feeding, N (%) | ||
| Yes | – | 436 (91.8) |
| No | – | 39 (8.2) |
| Feeding method, N (%) | ||
| Breast milk | – | 180 (37.9) |
| Combined feeding | – | 273 (57.5) |
| Desiccated milk | – | 22 (4.6) |