Table 1.
Characteristics of participants without (n = 562) and with (n = 707) vascular co-morbidity
| Characteristic | Diabetes patients | |
|---|---|---|
| Without vascular co-morbidity n (%) | With vascular co-morbidity n (%) | |
| Demographic features | ||
| White | 550 (97.9) | 688 (97.3) |
| Female sex | 305 (54.3) | 329 (46.5)* |
| Age (mean, SD) | 62.6 (10.1) | 68.7 (9.4)a |
| Low education | 343 (61.0) | 452 (63.9) |
| Single status | 105 (18.7) | 186 (26.3)a |
| Clinical characteristics | ||
| Diabetes duration (>3 years) | 320 (56.9) | 418 (59.1) |
| Treatment with oral hypoglycaemic medication | 444 (79.0) | 582 (82.3) |
| HbA1c (mean, SD) | 6.6 (0.8) | 6.7 (0.8) |
| BMI (mean, SD) | 29.1 (4.7) | 28.8 (4.5) |
| Psychosocial factors | ||
| Depression score EDS (mean, SD) | 5.6 (4.7) | 5.8 (4.6) |
| EDS score >11 | 56 (10.0) | 79 (11.2) |
| Social support (mean, SD) | 7.8 (3.1) | 8.1 (2.9) |
| Recent stressful life event (previous 12 months) | 188 (33.5) | 243 (34.4) |
| Lifestyle factors | ||
| Current smoker | 93 (16.5) | 97 (13.7)* |
| Alcohol intake (>14 consumptions/week) | 40 (7.1) | 54 (7.6) |
| Vascular co-morbiditiesb | ||
| Macrovascular diseases | 457 (36.0) | |
| Peripheral arterial disease | – | 274 (21.6) |
| Coronary disease | – | 274 (21.6) |
| Stroke | – | 85 (6.7) |
| Microvascular diseases | 422 (33.3) | |
| Neuropathic foot | – | 312 (24.6) |
| Ischaemic foot | – | 34 (2.7) |
| Retinopathy | – | 73 (5.8) |
| Nephropathy | – | 48 (3.8) |
| Number of vascular co-morbidities | ||
| 1 | – | 431 (34.0) |
| 2 | – | 183 (14.4) |
| ≥3 | – | 93 (7.3) |
aSignificant after Bonferroni correction (p < 0.0033) (α = 0.05/15 tests = 0.0033)
bVascular co-morbidities: rates are depicted as proportion of total population (n = 1,269)
*p < 0.05