Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics for Variables Used in Analysis and Item Loadings for Latent Factors in the Measurement Model
| Factor loading |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | N | M | SD | Unstandardized | Standardized |
| Dependent variable | |||||
| Direct intervention | |||||
| Tell kid not to do ita | 1,801 | 3.62 | 1.15 | 1.000 | 0.780 |
| Tell friends and try to stop kid | 1,806 | 3.33 | 1.12 | 1.009 | 0.812 |
| Tell school adults | |||||
| Tell trusted teachera | 1,802 | 3.33 | 1.20 | 1.000 | 0.916 |
| Tell principal | 1,801 | 2.92 | 1.25 | 0.916 | 0.804 |
| Tell friend, not an adult | 1,808 | 3.02 | 1.14 | 1.000 | — |
| Ignore | |||||
| Don't believe it will happena | 1,809 | 2.45 | 1.12 | 1.000 | 0.868 |
| None of your business | 1,803 | 2.35 | 1.08 | 1.033 | 0.934 |
| Too embarrassed | 1,801 | 2.12 | 0.99 | 0.733 | 0.727 |
| Wouldn't do any good | 1,803 | 2.25 | 1.04 | 0.880 | 0.825 |
| Independent variable | |||||
| Democratic authority | |||||
| Students can disagreea | 1,902 | 3.51 | 1.11 | 1.000 | 0.560 |
| Debate and discuss issues | 1,906 | 3.43 | 1.01 | 1.127 | 0.687 |
| Voice opinions | 1,900 | 3.44 | 0.94 | 1.086 | 0.720 |
| School solidarity | |||||
| Students have spirita | 1,906 | 3.22 | 1.12 | 1.000 | 0.664 |
| Students important part of school | 1,899 | 3.07 | 0.97 | 1.006 | 0.769 |
| Keep school looking good | 1,905 | 2.76 | 1.01 | 1.038 | 0.761 |
| Student pride | 1,902 | 3.07 | 1.04 | 1.157 | 0.827 |
| Students care about each other | 1,900 | 2.83 | 1.03 | 0.904 | 0.649 |
| Personal belonging | |||||
| Friends and I belonga | 1,895 | 3.81 | 1.10 | 1.000 | 0.702 |
| School is friendly | 1,901 | 3.55 | 1.03 | 1.074 | 0.802 |
| High school student | 1,740 | 0.57 | — | — | — |
| Mediator variable | |||||
| Get into trouble by telling teacher | 1,838 | 3.00 | 1.13 | 1.000 | — |
| Covariate | |||||
| Female | 1,893 | 0.54 | — | — | — |
| Parent's education (years) | 1,807 | 14.18 | 2.25 | — | — |
Note. Model fit: χ2(143) = 613.719, p = < .001; comparative fit index = 0.971; root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.041. Disparity in N reported here as compared with N = 1,933 for the full sample is due to missing data (some respondents did not provide data for these variables).
a
Item loading constrained to a value of one as reference for other loadings.