Table 1.

Descriptions of the five domains of social cognition, including common measures of each domain and effect sizes (ES) for relevant findings in schizophrenia (SZ), clinical-high-risk (CHR), and control (CTL) samples

Domain	Common Measure	Description	Group Difference Findings	Relationship To Functioning
Theory of Mind (ToM): ability to comprehend the intentions of others	False Belief Task (Perner and Wimmer 1985; Wimmer and Perner 1983)	Participants are given 1) a first order task where they are asked about their ability to understand the belief of another person and 2) a second order task where they are asked about their ability to understand someone else’s belief about what a third person is thinking	SZ < CTL in second-order, but not first-order tasks; ES = 1.61 (Pickup and Frith 2001)	SZ: no studies to date showing the relationship between this task and outcome
			CHR < CTL on second order tasks (ES = .55); CHR = CTL on first-order tasks (Chung et al. 2008)	CHR: no studies to date
Social Knowledge: ability to comprehend and apply social rules to various situations	Schema Component Sequencing Task [SCST; (Corrigan and Toomey 1995)]	Participants are given different cards depicting the various components of a social situation and are instructed to arrange the cards in the correct order	SZ < CTL; ES = .69 (Pinkham and Penn 2006)	SZ: social knowledge significantly correlated with inter-personal skill; ES = .88 (Pinkham and Penn 2006)
			CHR: No studies to date	CHR: no studies to date
Social Perception: ability to use social cues (e.g., gestures) to understand complicated or ambiguous situations	Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity [PONS; (Rosenthal et al. 1979)]	Participants are presented with 2 second vignettes of a Caucasian female’s bodily gestures, voice intonations, and/or facial expressions; participants must then choose an appropriate situation when this social cue would be seen	SZ < CTL; ES = .62 (Toomey et al. 1997)	SZ: social perception significantly correlated with social problem solving; ES ranged from .50–.52 (Toomey et al. 1997)
			CHR: No studies to date	CHR: no studies to date
Attributional Style: manner of determining the cause of a personally significant event (i.e., to the self, others, situational factors)	Internal, Personal, and Situational Attributions Questionnaire [IPSAQ; (Kinderman and Bentall 1996)]	Participants fill out a questionnaire that examines their causal attributions to hypothetical social situations	SZ: vs. controls and patients without persecutory delusions, SZ patients with persecutory delusions were more likely to blame others rather than themselves for negative outcomes to situations; ES = .36 (Martin and Penn 2002)	SZ: patients who were more likely to blame others rather than themselves for negative outcomes to situations had greater psychopathology on the PANSS; ES = .90 (Mizrahi et al. 2008)
			CHR: No studies to date	CHR: no studies to date
Emotion Processing: ability to identify or discriminate between different emotions	Facial Emotion Identification Test [FEIT; (Kerr and Neale 1993)]	Participants are presented with 19 faces showing one of six emotions; after seeing each face, participants must then choose the emotion shown from six different options	SZ < CTL; ES = 1.4 (Kerr and Neale 1993); SZ < CHR < CTL; ES for SZ(multi-episode) < CHR = .23; ES for CHR < CTL = .77, (Addington et al. 2008)	SZ: FEIT correlated with overall social skills; ES = .98 (Ihnen et al. 1998)
				CHR: no studies to date