. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Sep 17.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009 Jun;17(6):526–535. doi: 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181a2fbb1

TABLE 2.

Unadjusted and Adjusted Predictors of ED Use Over Study Period

Personality Traits/Anderson Model Domains	Bivariate Predictors of Emergency Room Visit OR (95% CI)	Multivariate Predictors Emergency Room Visit OR (95% CI)
Personality traits^a
Neuroticism	1.54 (1.09-2.18)^b	0.95 (0.62-1.45)
Extraversion	0.92 (0.65-1.31)	1.51 (1.03-2.21)^b
Openness	1.13 (0.78-1.64)	1.12 (0.79-1.58)
Agreeableness	0.60 (0.41-0.87)^c	0.65 (0.45-0.95)^b
Conscientiousness	0.62 (0.42-0.93)^c	0.78 (0.53-1.17)
Predisposing factors
Female	1.18 (0.62-2.28)	1.18 (0.58-2.39)
Age, years	1.00 (0.95-1.05)	0.99 (0.94-1.04)
Hamilton Depression Scale (HDRS)	1.11 (1.07-1.17)^d	1.08 (1.03-1.14)^b
Enabling factors
Census Tract Median Income (10 K units)	1.02 (0.96-1.07)	1.04 (0.88-1.23)
Education, years	0.99 (0.87-1.12)	0.98 (0.83-1.15)
Health need factors
Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS)	1.20 (1.09-1.32)^d	1.18 (1.04-1.33)^d
Karnofsky Performance Status Scale (KPSS)	0.95 (0.93-0.98)^d	0.98 (0.94-1.02)
Physical Self Maintenance Scale (PSMS)	1.11 (1.01-1.21)^c	0.97 (0.79-1.20)
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Impairment (IADL)	1.27 (1.10-1.49)^b	0.95 (0.85-1.06)
Primary care visits	1.07 (1.01-1.14)^b	1.06 (1.01-1.12)^b
Study wave	0.81 (0.65-1.04)	0.69 (0.54-0.90)^c

Notes: Results of bivariate and multivariate mixed effects models predicting ED use longitudinally. Odds ratios (confidence intervals).

Personality traits scaled in standard deviation (SD) units according to national norms: 1-SD increase is equivalent to moving from the 50th to 83rd population percentile on the trait, whereas 1-SD decrease is equivalent to moving from the 50th to the 17th population percentile on the trait. Tests are z tests based on 923 observations across the study period.

p <0.05.

p <0.01.

p <0.001.