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Insulin dose-response for VSMC calcification in high phosphate (2 mM, Pi) medium for 8–10 days (n=3) by OCPC assay. Results are expressed as %attenuation of calcification. Control VSMC were incubated in 25 mM HEPES buffer, while dose response consisted of cells incubated in 0.1 nM, 1 nM, 5 nM or 10 nM insulin. Maximal attenuation of calcification was achieved with 5 nM insulin (*p<0.05 vs. 5 nM or 10 nM insulin compared with control).
