Table 3.
Hierarchical logistic regressions predicting year-2 post-disaster health outcomes by peritraumatic panic attack and study control variables (N = 1667).
| Health outcomes 2 years post disaster | Odds ratio (95%CI) |
|---|---|
| Model 1: PTSD past 12 months | |
| Peritraumatic panic attack only | 4.07 (2.32–7.15)*** |
| + Demographic factorsa | 4.00 (2.31–6.95)*** |
| + Stressor risk factors b | 1.54 (0.74–3.23) |
| + Social/psychological resourcesc | 1.55 (0.75–3.12) |
| + Pre-exposure mental healthd | 1.48 (0.72–3.07) |
| Model 2: sub-clinical PTSD past 12 months | |
| Peritraumatic panic attack only | 3.64 (2.31–5.74)*** |
| + Demographic factorsa | 3.33 (2.04–5.44)*** |
| + Stressor risk factors b | 1.73 (0.88–3.36) |
| + Social/psychological resourcesc | 1.62 (0.86–3.08) |
| + Pre-exposure mental healthd | 1.62 (0.86–3.06) |
| Model 3: depression past 12 months | |
| Peritraumatic panic attack only | 4.63 (3.05–7.02)*** |
| + Demographic factorsa | 4.35 (2.84–6.65)*** |
| + Stressor risk factors b | 2.34 (1.26–4.31)** |
| + Social/psychological resourcesc | 2.07 (1.17–3.67)* |
| + Pre-exposure mental healthd | 1.90 (1.07–3.37)* |
| Model 4: anxiety past month | |
| Peritraumatic panic attack only | 5.61 (3.60–8.76)*** |
| + Demographic factorsa | 4.84 (2.95–7.94)*** |
| + Stressor risk factors b | 2.94 (1.52–5.67)** |
| + Social/psychological resourcesc | 2.74 (1.51–4.97)** |
| + Pre-exposure mental healthd | 2.48 (1.40–4.41)** |
| Model 5: poor physical health past month | |
| Peritraumatic panic attack only | 2.48 (1.48–4.18)** |
| + Demographic factorsa | 2.11 (1.19–3.72)** |
| + Stressor risk factors b | 1.19 (0.60–2.35) |
| + Social/psychological resourcesc | 0.99 (0.51–1.91) |
| + Pre-exposure mental healthd | 0.92 (0.49–1.74) |
| Model 6: binge drinking past 12 months | |
| Peritraumatic panic attack only | 1.73 (1.11–2.70)* |
| + Demographic factorsa | 1.89 (1.13–3.16)* |
| + Stressor risk factors b | 1.62 (0.93–2.81) |
| + Social/psychological resourcesc | 1.55 (0.89–2.70) |
| + Pre-exposure mental healthd | 1.58 (0.90–2.75) |
| Model 7: any mental health treatment past 12 months | |
| Peritraumatic panic attack only | 2.21 (1.53–3.19)*** |
| + Demographic factorsa | 2.05 (1.40–3.00)*** |
| + Stressor risk factors b | 1.25 (0.84–1.87) |
| + Social/psychological resourcesc | 1.18 (0.78–1.78) |
| + Pre-exposure mental healthd | 1.07 (0.70–1.64) |
| Model 8: mental health treatment related to WTCD past 12 months | |
| Peritraumatic panic attack only | 3.48 (2.36–5.12)*** |
| + Demographic factorsa | 3.10 (2.06–4.67)*** |
| + Stressor risk factors b | 1.62 (1.03–2.57)* |
| + Social/psychological resourcesc | 1.54 (0.98–2.44) |
| + Pre-exposure mental healthd | 1.37 (0.86–2.20) |
*
P < 0.05
**
P < 0.01
***
P < 0.001, two-tailed test.
a
Includes: age, education, gender, children at home, income, race, employment status and marital status.
b
Includes: World Trade Center disaster exposure level, negative life events past year and lifetime traumas at follow-up.
c
Includes: level of social support and self-esteem at follow-up.
d
Includes: history of pre-disaster depression and pre-disaster panic attacks. WTCD=World Trade Center Disaster.