Table 3.
Logistic regression odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence limits (CLs) for W2 psychological and physical health outcomes regressed on alcohol use, demographic, stressor, and resource variables following the World Trade Center disaster (N = 1681)
| Dependent variables | Binge drinking OR (95% CL) | Alcohol dependence OR (95% CL) | Increased 4+ days drinking/mo OR (95% CL) | Increased 2+ drinks/day OR (95% CL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subsyndromal PTSD | ||||
| No other vars. controlled | 1.58 (1.10–2.27)* | 2.65 (1.57–4.45)*** | 1.92 (1.27–2.89)** | 2.26 (1.37–3.72)*** |
| Demographics† | 1.63 (1.10–2.40)* | 2.92 (1.69–5.04)*** | 2.04 (1.33–3.12)*** | 2.02 (1.18–3.46)** |
| +Stress‡ | 1.42 (0.93–2.17) | 2.27 (1.31–3.93)** | 2.03 (1.30–3.17)** | 1.98 (1.09–3.61)* |
| +Resource§ | 1.38 (0.88–2.16) | 2.40 (1.37–4.21)** | 1.99 (1.28–3.11)** | 1.86 (1.02–3.41)* |
| Partial PTSD | ||||
| No other vars. controlled | 2.03 (1.26–3.27)** | 2.38 (1.29–4.41)** | 1.71 (0.99–2.95) | 1.89 (0.99–3.59) |
| Demographics | 2.08 (1.24–3.48)** | 2.45 (1.29–4.67)** | 1.67 (0.96–2.91) | 1.56 (0.81–3.02) |
| +Stress | 1.93 (1.13–3.29)* | 1.87 (0.96–3.63) | 1.48 (0.85–2.60) | 1.44 (0.72–2.86) |
| +Resource | 1.84 (1.06–3.18)* | 1.92 (0.93–3.96) | 1.43 (0.80–2.55) | 1.39 (0.68–2.85) |
| PTSD symptom severity | ||||
| No other vars. controlled | 1.86 (1.19–2.92)** | 2.41 (1.36–4.27)** | 1.70 (1.04–2.78)* | 2.07 (1.16–3.71)* |
| Demographics | 2.00 (1.24–3.23)** | 2.49 (1.40–4.44)** | 1.80 (1.10–2.95)* | 2.00 (1.07–3.74)* |
| +Stress | 1.66 (0.99–2.78) | 1.89 (1.03–3.45)* | 1.63 (0.99–2.99) | 1.83 (0.99–3.41) |
| +Resource | 1.60 (0.94–2.73) | 1.93 (1.00–3.72)* | 1.55 (0.94–2.55) | 1.75 (0.94–3.28) |
| Depression past year | ||||
| No other vars. controlled | 1.74 (1.17–2.61)** | 3.59 (2.09–6.16)*** | 1.98 (1.24–3.15)** | 2.16 (1.23–3.79)** |
| Demographics | 1.56 (1.02–2.38)* | 3.63 (2.07–6.56)*** | 1.89 (1.19–3.01)** | 1.71 (0.95–3.07) |
| +Stress | 1.28 (0.81–2.04) | 2.87 (1.62–5.04)*** | 1.78 (1.07–2.95)* | 1.55 (0.80–2.99) |
| +Resource | 1.18 (0.73–1.90) | 2.94 (1.63–5.29)*** | 1.67 (0.99–2.82) | 1.36 (0.69–2.70) |
| BSI-18: Global Severity Index | ||||
| No other vars. controlled | 1.88 (1.22–2.91)** | 3.86 (2.12–7.02)*** | 1.50 (0.88–2.56) | 1.25 (0.64–2.47) |
| Demographics | 1.61 (0.99–2.64) | 4.45 (2.33–8.51)*** | 1.50 (0.85–2.64) | 0.88 (0.42–1.84) |
| +Stress | 1.28 (0.76–2.18) | 3.74 (1.93–7.25)*** | 1.31 (0.71–2.40) | 0.76 (0.33–1.74) |
| +Resource | 1.19 (0.69–2.05) | 3.91 (2.07–7.37)*** | 1.18 (0.63–2.22) | 0.58 (0.24–1.38) |
| SF12–poor physical health | ||||
| No other vars. controlled | 0.63 (0.37–1.11) | 1.07 (0.51–2.28) | 0.39 (0.15–0.90)* | 0.44 (0.20–1.01) |
| Demographics | 0.81 (0.42–1.56) | 1.34 (0.58–3.11) | 0.38 (0.14–1.02) | 0.45 (0.19–1.09) |
| +Stress | 0.76 (0.38–1.51) | 1.18 (0.51–2.69) | 0.33 (0.13–0.84)* | 0.45 (0.19–1.09) |
| +Resource | 0.74 (0.37–1.45) | 1.09 (0.46–2.57) | 0.32 (0.13–0.80)* | 0.40 (0.16–0.97)* |
| SF12–poor mental health | ||||
| No other vars. controlled | 1.41 (0.81–2.43) | 2.30 (1.19–4.45)* | 1.44 (0.79–2.60) | 1.63 (0.79–3.36) |
| Demographics | 1.51 (0.84–2.73) | 2.58 (1.25–5.32)** | 1.51 (0.82–2.76) | 1.57 (0.73–3.40) |
| +Stress | 1.36 (0.73–2.52) | 2.21 (1.07–4.54)* | 1.47 (0.79–2.76) | 1.55 (0.71–3.36) |
| +Resource | 1.31 (0.69–2.47) | 2.30 (1.08–4.90)* | 1.41 (0.76–2.61) | 1.44 (0.66–3.15) |
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001
†
Demographic controls: age, education, kids in home, gender, marital status, race/ethnicity.
‡
Stress controls: exposure to WTCD, negative life events, traumatic events.
§
Resource controls: social support and self-esteem.