Mean fitness M after t consecutive bottlenecks for each model: black lines, for the D scenario; red, green, and blue lines, for MSD simulation results for size N = 2, 10, and 50, respectively; yellow lines, for MSD predictions in each case. Different strokes are for different types of gene action (solid lines, no epistasis, k = 1; dashed lines, moderate synergistic epistasis, k = 2; dotted lines, strong synergistic epistasis, k = 4).