Table 1.

NanoART developed to treat HIV-1 infection and increase antiretroviral drug delivery to the brain.

Drug delivery mechanism	Antiretroviral	Particle composition	Manufacture method	Finding	Ref.
BBB disruption	Saquinavir	PBCA and MMA-SPM	Emulsion polymerization and free-radical polymerization	Application of AM waves greatly increases permeability of BMVECs to HIV-drug NPs	[99]
	Nelfinavir, zidovudine and lamivudine	Pluronic® 85	Nanomaterial used as is	Pluronic 85 greatly increases the permeability of the BBB in vitro/in vivo to ART	[33,104]
Adsorptive endocytosis by BMVEC	Saqunavir	Core: Compritol 888 ATO, cacao butter Shell: stearylamine, dioctadecyldimethyl ammonium bromide Stabilizer: polysorbate 80	Emulsion polymerization and free-radical polymerization	Decreased initial burst of drug release and extended overall time of drug release	[117]
	Zidovudine	PBCA and MMA-SPM	Emulsion polymerization and free-radical polymerization	PBCA as a carrier; alcohol increases permeability of BMVECs to NPs	[114]
Cell-mediated delivery	Phosphonylmethoxypropyl-adenine and indinavir	Egg phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol	Sonication	NPs stable at physiologic pH and disassociate at low pH	[135]
	Indinavir	Drug nanocrystals and lipoid E80	High-pressure homogenization	Avid uptake and long-term release by MDMs	[31,32]
	Indinavir	Drug nanocrystals and mPEG-DSPE	High-pressure homogenization	Adoptive transfer of NP-loaded MDMs can significantly improve outcome in a mouse model of HIVE	[34]

AM: Amplitude modulation; ART: Antiretroviral therapy; BBB: Blood-brain barrier; BMVEC: Brain microvessel endothelial cell; HIVE: HIV-1 encephalitis; MDM: Monocyte-derived macrophage; MMA-SPM: Methylmethacrylate-sulfopropylmethacrylate; mPEG-DPSE: Methyl polyethylene glycol-disteroyl phosphatidylethanolamine; NP: Nanoparticle; PBCA: Polybutylcyanoacrylate.