Table 3.
Results of logistics regression analyses using backwards elimination (criterion: p < 0.1) for reported symptoms among Japanese American (reference) and European American women, with menopausal status (postmenopausal status=reference) and BMI as additional independent variables. Odds ratios (for ethnicity, refer to the relative risk for European Americans relative to Japanese Americans) and significance level.
| Postal Survey | Monitoring Sample | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptom | Ethnicity | Pre-Menopause | Peri-Menopause | BMI | Ethnicity | Pre-Menopause | Peri-Menopause | BMI |
| Aches | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Backaches | -- | -- | -- | -- | 2.18 * | -- | -- | -- |
| Breast tenderness | -- | 3.05 *** | 1.58 | --- | -- | 3.42 † | 4.46 * | 1.10 * |
| Bloating | 1.48 † | 2.28 ** | 4.37*** | 1.05 * | -- | 2.30 | 3.54 ** | 1.11 ** |
| Diarrhea/constipation | -- | 0.93 | 1.84 † | 1.04 † | -- | -- | -- | 1.08 * |
| Difficulty concentrating | 2.19 ** | 0.97 | 2.18 * | 1.05 * | -- | 0.36 † | 1.21 | 1.08 * |
| Dizzy spells | 2.85 ** | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Feel depressed | 3.82*** | -- | -- | 1.03 † | 3.58 ** | 0.37 † | 0.87 | -- |
| Fluid retention | -- | 1.37 | 5.29 *** | 1.09 *** | -- | 1.41 | 3.22 * | 1.08 * |
| Headaches | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 1.09 * |
| Hot flashes | 1.70 * | 0.32 *** | 0.80 | 1.03 † | 2.47 * | 0.18 ** | 0.39 * | -- |
| Irritability | 2.05 *** | -- | -- | -- | 1.94 † | 1.22 | 2.04 † | -- |
| Lack energy | 1.77 ** | -- | -- | 1.04 * | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Leg cramps | -- | -- | -- | 1.07 *** | -- | 1.17 | 2.62 † | -- |
| Loss of appetite | 6.96 ** | -- | -- | -- | 6.39 † | -- | -- | -- |
| Loss of sexual desire | -- | 0.54 * | 1.16 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Menstrual cramps | 1.68 † | 20.34 *** | 18.60 *** | -- | -- | 21.19 *** | 20.75 *** | 1.12 * |
| Mood swings | 2.93 *** | -- | -- | -- | 2.57 * | -- | -- | -- |
| Nervous tension | 2.94 *** | 1.04 | 2.42 | -- | 3.37 * | -- | -- | -- |
| Night sweats | 1.82 ** | 0.70 | 1.62 | -- | 2.83 ** | 0.34 * | 0.79 | -- |
| Numbness in legs | -- | -- | -- | 1.08 ** | -- | -- | -- | 1.08 * |
| Persistent cough | -- | -- | -- | 1.05 † | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Pins and needles | 2.13 ** | -- | -- | 1.08 *** | -- | -- | -- | 1.10 * |
| Rapid heart rate | 2.44 ** | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Shortness of breath | 3.03 ** | -- | -- | 1.08 ** | -- | -- | -- | 1.13 * |
| Sore throat | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Trouble sleeping | 2.12 *** | 0.55 ** | 1.12 | -- | 3.52 *** | 0.44 † | 0.65 | -- |
| Upset stomach | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Urinary infection | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Vaginal dryness | -- | 0.28 *** | 0.51 † | -- | -- | 0.16 ** | 0.28 * | -- |
--
eliminated from model;
†
p < 0.1;
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001