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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biochem Soc Trans. 2009 Oct;37(Pt 5):1133–1138. doi: 10.1042/BST0371133

TABLE I.

Lithium sensitive behaviors and target inhibition in mice

Behavior Li1 Alt. GSK3
inhibitors		 Gsk3ß+/− IMPA1−/− SMIT1+/− SMIT1−/−
Forced swim test
(time immobile)		 ↓ ↓2 ↓ ↓7 No Δ ↓
Tail suspension test
(time immobile)		 ↓ ↓3 ↓
Amphetamine-induced
Hyperactivity		 ↓ ↓4 ↓ No Δ
Open field
(overall activity)		 No Δ ↓5 No Δ ↑↑7 No Δ
Exploratory/Holeboard ↓ ↓
Elevated zero/plus maze
(time in open area)		 ↑ ↑
Light/dark emergence
(latency to cross)		 ↓ ↓6
Pilocarpine-induced
seizures (sensitization)		 ↑ ↑ No Δ ↑
[Inositol]8 ↓22-25% No Δ ↓ 33-37% ↓ 55-60%
1

Most of the behaviors in this column were done with chronic lithium given in food, which achieves serum Li = 1.0 mEq/L [32]. The TST and light/dark emergence were performed with IP injections of lithium [5].

2

Reported for both AR-A014418 [35], an ATP competitor, and L803-mts, a myristoylated peptide inhibitor of GSK3 [36].

3

TDZD (thiadiazolidinone-8) [5].

4

AR-A014418 [35]. The GSK3 inhibitors SB216763, alsterpaullone, 6-bromo-5′-indirubin-3′-oxime (6BIO), and TDZD (as well as lithium) reduce hyperactivity in dopamine transporter knockout (DAT-KO) mice, which is thought to mimic amphetamine-induced hyperactivity [37].

5

AR-A014418 [35], TDZD [5], and IP injection of LiCl [5]. We have also observed reduced activity in Gsk3+/− mice treated with oral LiCl [32].

6

TDZD [5].

7

Increased baseline activity (open field) makes it difficult to interpret increased activity (typically reported as reduced immobility) in the forced swim test [50].