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. 2009 Sep 30;169(2):107–112. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.07.009

Table 4.

Levels of affect by the presence of paranoia, hallucinations, a history of trauma, and use of illicit drugs.

Anxiety mean (S.D.) Depression mean (S.D.) Negative self mean (S.D.)
No paranoid ideation (n = 85) 2.4 (6.1) 4.6 (7.3) 1.7 (2.5)
Paranoid ideation (n = 115) 6.1 (5.8)*** 9.1 (8.9)*** 2.8 (3.0)**
No verbal hallucinations (n = 169) 4.1 (4.6) 6.7 (8.3) 2.2 (2.8)
Verbal hallucinations (n = 31) 7.0 (6.8)* 9.8 (9.7) 3.1 (3.3)
No lifetime trauma (n = 60) 2.8 (3.1) 5.2 (7.6) 1.7 (2.5)
Lifetime trauma (n = 140) 5.3 (5.6)*** 8.0 (8.8)* 2.6 (3.0)*
No recent illicit drug use (n = 135) 3.8 (4.3) 6.4 (8.1) 2.2 (2.9)
Illicit drug use (n = 65) 6.2 (6.3)** 8.8 (9.3) 2.7 (2.8)

* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.