Table 5.
Effect estimates for physiochemical classes of agricultural pesticides applied within ½-mi of lifetime residences on childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study, California, 1990-2002
| Exposure rangea (lb/mi2) | Single-class modelb | Multiple-class modelc | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physicochemical class | Cases | Controls | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Azoles | <1 | 197 | 251 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 1 - 2 | 5 | 8 | 1.0 | 0.3, 3.3 | 1.8 | 0.4, 7.8 | |
| 2 - 21 | 10 | 8 | 2.1 | 0.8, 5.4 | 3.9 | 1.0, 15.7 | |
| Benzimidazoles | <1 | 176 | 213 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 1 - 9 | 25 | 27 | 1.0 | 0.6, 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.2, 1.5 | |
| 9 - 96 | 12 | 28 | 0.5 | 0.2, 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.1, 1.3 | |
| Chlorinated phenols | <1 | 172 | 225 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 1 - 7 | 28 | 21 | 2.0 | 1.0, 3.8 | 1.5 | 0.6, 3.6 | |
| 7 - 83 | 13 | 22 | 0.7 | 0.3, 1.6 | 0.8 | 0.3, 2.1 | |
| Dinitroaniline | <1 | 162 | 202 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 1 - 20 | 31 | 33 | 1.1 | 0.6, 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.2, 1.4 | |
| 20 - 350 | 20 | 33 | 0.7 | 0.4, 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.2, 2.3 | |
| Methyl carbamates | <1 | 165 | 198 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 1 - 23 | 32 | 35 | 1.1 | 0.6, 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.3, 1.6 | |
| 23 - 778 | 16 | 35 | 0.6 | 0.3, 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.1, 1.1 | |
| Organochlorines | <1 | 182 | 225 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 1 - 9 | 19 | 21 | 1.0 | 0.5, 2.1 | 0.8 | 0.3, 2.3 | |
| 9 - 237 | 12 | 22 | 0.8 | 0.4, 1.7 | 0.7 | 0.2, 2.3 | |
| Organophosphates | <1 | 130 | 176 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 1 - 79 | 56 | 46 | 1.6 | 1.0, 2.7 | 1.6 | 0.7, 3.7 | |
| 79 - 2,572 | 27 | 46 | 0.8 | 0.4, 1.5 | 2.5 | 0.4, 14.8 | |
| Pyrethroids | <1 | 174 | 220 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 1 - 227 | 22 | 24 | 1.0 | 0.5, 2.0 | 2.1 | 0.7, 6.3 | |
| 227 - 43,810 | 17 | 24 | 1.0 | 0.5, 2.0 | 1.3 | 0.3, 5.6 | |
| Substituted benzenes | <1 | 182 | 235 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 1 - 19 | 20 | 16 | 1.7 | 0.8, 3.7 | 2.1 | 0.7, 6.6 | |
| 19 - 484 | 11 | 17 | 0.9 | 0.4, 2.0 | 2.8 | 0.7, 11.3 | |
| Thiocarbamates | <1 | 158 | 193 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 1 - 86 | 32 | 37 | 1.1 | 0.6, 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.3, 1.8 | |
| 86 - 13,152 | 23 | 38 | 0.7 | 0.4, 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.1, 2.3 | |
| Triazines | <1 | 170 | 219 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 1 - 27 | 31 | 24 | 1.9 | 1.0, 3.7 | 4.1 | 1.5, 11.1 | |
| 27 - 292 | 12 | 25 | 0.7 | 0.3, 1.4 | 2.0 | 0.4, 9.4 | |
| Ureas | <1 | 184 | 227 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| 1 - 14 | 20 | 20 | 1.3 | 0.7, 2.7 | 1.3 | 0.4, 3.6 | |
| 14 - 274 | 9 | 21 | 0.5 | 0.2, 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.2, 3.9 | |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
a
Moderate and high exposure categories are based on the median pesticide-use density among the controls with density ≥1 lb/mi2.
b
Estimated using conditional logistic regression, adjusting for household income.
c
Estimated using conditional logistic regression, adjusting for household income and all other physicochemical categories listed.