Table 2.

Genetic alterations in GBM.

Gene	Chromosome	Mechanism	Frequency	Ref.
Multiple	1p, 6q, 7q, 9p, 10p, 10q, 13q, 14q, 15q, 17p, 18q, 19q, 22q, Y	losses	2%–75%	5–7, 9, 123 8, 10, 15, 16
Multiple	1q, 3q, 4p, 4q, 7p, 7q, 12q, 13q, 19	gains	up to 80%	10, 19, 20
CASP8	2q33	promoter methylation	nd	124
KLF6	10p15	inactivating mutation	12%	125
MGMT	10q26	methylated	up to 75%	28, 29, 126
NF1	17q11	inactivating mutation	nd	38
NF2	22q12	deleted	nd
p16 and p14	9p21	homozygous deletion	up to 50%	61, 63, 127–129
p16INK4a	9p21	deleted, methylated	40%–60%	60, 71–74
p14ARF	9p21	deleted, methylated	nd	29
p53	17p13	inactivating mutation	30%–60%	60, 127, 130, 131
PTEN	10q23	inactivating mutation	5%–40%	80, 81, 88, 89, 132
RB1	13q14	inactivating mutation	30%	61, 128, 133
RUNX3	1p36	methylated	nd	134
TES	7q31	methylated	nd	134
TMS1/ASC	16p11	methylated	20%	135
CDK4	12q14	amplified	nd	19, 20
CDK6	7q21	amplified	nd	20
COL4A2	13q34	amplified	nd	20
CSE1L	20q13	amplified	up to 57%	19
EGRF	7p21	amplified (often dmins)	40%–60%	19, 21, 22
EGFRvIII	7p21	amplified	20%–30%	22
ESR	nd	amplified	up to 36%	19
FGR	1p35	amplified	up to 36%	19
GLI	12q13	amplified	nd	19, 136
MDM2	12q15	amplified	<10%	19, 66
MYC	8q24	amplified	nd	19
MYCN	2p24	amplified	nd	19
NRAS	1p13	amplified	nd	19
PDGFRA	4q12	amplified	up to 65%	19, 20
PGY1	7q21	amplified	up to 36%	19
PIK3CA	3q26	activating mutation	nd	136
SLA/LP	4p15	amplified	nd	20
STIM2	4p15	amplified	nd	20
TNFSF13B	13q33	amplified	8%	20