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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Sep 22.
Published in final edited form as: J Educ Psychol. 2004 Mar 1;96(1):119–129. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.96.1.119

Table 1. Means and Standard Deviations on Reading Skill and Prosody Variables.

Decoding skill group

Low Low middle High middle High




Variable M SD M SD M SD M SD
TOWRE
 Sight Word Efficiency
  Raw score 43.28 7.90 52.28 5.40 62.39 4.59 71.70 5.56
  Standard score 92 8 101 8 109 7 121 8
 Phonemic Decoding
   Raw score 14.90 5.95 23.30 4.38 31.61 5.93 43.10 7.49
   Standard score 91 9 100 6 108 8 122 12
TOWRE raw score total 58.17 9.28 75.58 3.64 93.94 5.69 114.87 10.74
Range 35–69 71–82 84–101 102–145
N 29 29 31 30
Target passage reading
 Correct words per minute 92 29 119 32 154 26 176 31
 Accuracy percentage 98 3 99 1 99 1 100 1
WIAT Reading Comprehension
 Raw score 14.79 3.34 16.10 3.49 20.06 4.25 22.30 4.75
 Standard score 96 10 97 18 105 20 115 15
Intersentential pause
 Length in ms 661 231 604 234 411 149 369 195
 Variability in ms 155,751 148,569 111,065 175,283 60,007 59,150 54,024 120,354
Intrasentential pause length in ms 688 450 518 243 313 236 365 267
Sentence-final declination of F0 in Hz 39.67 21.66 38.68 20.82 51.72 25.13 56.22 19.61
Child–adult F0 match r .51 .20 .58 .12 .63 .13 .61 .16

Note. TOWRE = Test of Word Reading Efficiency; WIAT = Wechsler Individual Achievement Test; ms = milliseconds; F0 = fundamental frequency.