Table 2.
Neuropeptide Genes Encoding FMRFamide-related Peptides in C. elegans
| Gene# Cosmid LG |
Putative peptides@ | Expression pattern+ |
Function or Phenotype | Receptor^ | Ref.## |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
flp-1 F23B2.5 IV |
*SADPNFLRFG *SQPNFLRFG *ASGDPNFLRFG *SDPNFLRFG *AAADPNFLRFG **(K)PNFLRFG AGSDPNFLRFG (K)PNFMRYG |
AIA, AIY, AVA, AVE, AVK, RIG, RMG, M5 |
involved in locomotion, egg laying, and fat deposition; SADPNFLRF-NH2 inhibits frequency of pharyngeal action potentials; modulates acetylcholine signaling |
(C25G6.5, Y58G8A.4,C16D6.2, Y59H11AL.1) |
1-11, KA |
|
flp-2 W07E11.3 X |
*SPREPIRFG LRGEPIRFG |
AIA, RID, PVW, I5, MC (ASI, M4, head muscles, an extra pair of cells in the head) |
T19F4.1a/b | 2, 9, 10, 12 |
|
|
flp-3 W07E11.2 X |
SPLGTMRFG *TPLGTMRFG *EAEEPLGTMRFG NPLGTMRFG *ASEDALFGTMRFG EDGNAPFGTMRFG *SAEPFGTMRFG *SADDSAPFGTMRFG *NPENDTPFGTMRFG |
IL1, PQR; SP, CP9 |
SAEPFGTMRF-NH2 inhibits frequency of pharyngeal action potentials |
C53C7.1a (Y58G8A.4, C16D6.2) |
2,6- 9, 12 |
|
flp-4 C18D1.3 II |
PTFIRFG ASPSFIRFG |
ADL, ASEL, AVM, AWC, FLP, PHA, PHB, PVD, I5, I6, NSM |
C16D6.2 | 2,7,12 | |
|
flp-5 C03G5.7 X |
*GAKFIRFG AGAKFIRFG APKPKFIRFG |
PVT, RMG, I4, M4, pharyngeal muscle, amphidial neuron, (PB, I2); rays 1, 5, 7, HOB |
GAKFIRF-NH2 increases frequency of pharyngeal action potentials |
(C25G6.5) | 2,6-8, 12 |
|
flp-6 F07D3.2 V |
x6 *KSAYMRFG *pQQDSEVEREMM |
ASE, AFD, ASG, PVT, I1 (one or two pairs of head cells); rays 2, 5, 6, 7 |
increases frequency of pharyngeal action potentials |
2,6,8, 12,13 |
|
|
flp-7 F49E10.3 X |
x3 *SPMQRSSMVRFG x2 *TPMQRSSMVRFG SPMERSAMVRFG SPMDRSKMVRFG |
ALA, AVG, PHB, PDA, PVW, RIC, SAA (RMDV/SMDV, PHA) |
Y59H11AL.1, C26F1.6 |
2, 9, 10, 12, 15 |
|
|
flp-8 F31F6.4 X |
x3 *KNEFIRFG | AUA, PVM, URX (RMG/ADA, an extra pair of cells in the head); CP9 |
increases frequency of pharyngeal action potentials; overexpression causes defecation defects involved in male turning behavior |
2,6, 12, 16, AS, UP |
|
|
flp-9 C36H8.3 IV |
x2 *KPSFVRFG | inhibits frequency of pharyngeal action potentials; knockout shows slight sluggishness |
(Y59H11AL.1) | 6, 8, 9, 12, 16, 17, UP |
|
|
flp-10 T06C10.4 IV |
QPKARSGYIRFG | AIM, ASI, AUA, BAG, BDU, DVB, PQR, PVR, URX, vulD |
involved in male turning behavior |
2,12 | |
|
flp-11 K02G10.4 X |
*AMRNALVRFG *ASGGMRNALVRFG *NGAPQPFVRFG *SPLDEEDFAPESPLQG |
AUA, BAG, DA, DD, DVB, LUA, PHC, PVC, SAB, URX, VD, uv1, head muscle (socket cells); ray 4 |
Y59H11AL.1, C26F1.6 (C16D6.2) |
2,6-9, 12, 15 |
|
|
flp-12 C05E11.8 X |
*RNKFEFIRFG | AVH/AVJ, BAG, PDA, PVR, SAA, SDQ, SMB (BDU); rays 1, 4, 5, 7, CP9 |
involved in male turning behavior |
2, 12, 16 |
|
|
flp-13 F33D4.3 IV |
*AMDSPFIRFG *AADGAPFIRFG *APEASPFIRFG *ASPSAPFIRFG *SPSAVPFIRFG ASSAPFIRFG *SAAAPLIRFG |
ASE, ASG, ASK, BAG, DD, I5, M3, M5 (an extra pair of cells in the head); VSP |
APEASPFIRF-NH2 inhibits frequency of pharyngeal action potentials |
(Y59H11AL.1) | 2, 6, 8, 9, 12, 16, 18, 19 |
|
flp-14 Y37D8A.15 III |
x4 *KHEYLRFG | increases frequency of pharyngeal action potentials |
(C25G6.5, C16D6.2) |
6, 7, 9, 16, 20, 21 |
|
|
flp-15 ZK525.1 III |
*GGPQGPLRFG *RGPSGPLRFG |
PHA, I2, socket/sheath cells (pharyngeal muscle, several cells in the head) |
C10C6.2 C16D6.2 |
2,7, 9, 20, 22 |
|
|
flp-16 F15D4.8 II |
x2 *AQTFVRFG *GQTFVRFG |
AQTFVRF-NH2 inhibits frequency of pharyngeal action potentials |
6, 8, 20 |
||
|
flp-17 C52D10.11 IV |
x2 KSAFVRFG KSQYIRFG |
BAG, M5 (an extra pair of cells in the head); rays 1, 5, 7 |
2, 20 |
||
|
flp-18 Y48D7A.2 X |
**(DFD)GAMPGVLRFG *EMPGVLRFG x3 **(SYFDEKK)SVPGVLRFG *EIPGVLRFG *SEVPGVLRFG *DVPGVLRFG |
AVA, AIY, RIG, RIM, M2 (M3, two extra pairs of cells in the head); rays 2, 6 |
C16D6.2 Y58G8A.4 C53C7.1a NPR-1 (C25G6.5, F41E7.3) |
2, 6, 7, 9, 15, 19, 20, 23-26, UP |
|
|
flp-19 M79.4 X |
*WANQVRFG *ASWASSVRFG |
AIN, AWA, BAG, HSN, URX (an extra pair of cells in the tail); rays 5, 7, 9, CEM |
2, 6, 8, 9, 20 |
||
|
flp-20 E01H11.3 X |
x2 AMMRFG | ALM, ASEL, AVM, LUA, PLM, PVC, PVM, PVR, RIB/AIB (PVT) |
involved in male turning behavior and massed training retention |
2, 20, OH |
|
|
flp-21 C26F1.10 V |
GLGPRPLRFG | ADL, ASI, ASH, ASJ, ASK, FLP, URA, MC, M4, M2; CP6–9, SP, DVF |
mutation causes mild aggregation behavior |
NPR-1 C25G6.5 Y58G8a.4 |
2,7, 23-25 |
|
flp-22 F39H2.1 I |
x3 *SPSAKWMRFG | AIM, ASG, AVA, AVG, AVL, CEP, PVD, PVW, RIC/AIZ, RIV, SMD, URA, uv1; 6 out of 9 CP |
(Y59H11AL.1) | 2, 6, 8, 9, 20 |
|
|
flp-23 F22B7.2 III |
VVGQQDFLRG (TKFQDFLRFG) |
2, AM | |||
|
flp-24 C24A1.1 III |
*VPSAGDMMVRFG | 9, 27 | |||
|
flp-25 K04H4.7 III |
DYDFVRFG *ASYDYIRFG |
9, 27 | |||
|
flp-26 R173.4 X |
**(E)FNADDLTLRFG *GGAGEPLAFSPDMLSLRFG *FRLPFQFFGANEDFNSGLT *NYYESKPY |
9, 27 | |||
|
flp-27 C25H3.5 II |
(EASAFGDIIGELKGK)GLGGRMRFG *pQPIDEERPIFME |
9, 27 | |||
|
flp-28 W07E11.4 X |
*APNRVLMRFG | 9, UP |
|||
|
flp-32 R03A10.2 X |
AMRNSLVRFG | AM | |||
|
flp-33 T07D10.6 I |
*APLEGFEDMSGFLRTIDGIQKPRFG | 28 | |||
|
flp-34 R09A1.5 I |
ALNRDSLVASLNNAERLRFG | SH, ELS |
Genes for which ESTs, ORFeomes (OST), cDNAs, or encoded peptides have been isolated are in bold.
Common sequences among peptides encoded by the same gene are indicated in blue. No. of copies of peptide encoded by gene indicated. A C-terminal glycine donates an amide group during amidation.
Based on co-localization with new markers, some expression patterns have been revised from published data (Kim and Li, 2004). Using an ASE-expressed red fluorescent protein, O. Hobert (pers. comm.) found that ASE did not express flp-5 or flp-21 and that only ASEL expressed flp-20. C. Bargmann (pers. comm.) confirmed that ASE did not express flp-21, and found that flp-21 was also expressed in ASK and ADL. Cells in parentheses are variably expressed and/or tentative identifications. Cells after semi-colons are male-specific.
Receptors with an EC50≤1.5 μM are indicated; receptors with an EC50≥1.5 μM are in parentheses.
Peptides have been biochemically isolated
peptides including residues in parentheses have been isolated; non-FLP peptides are indicated in green.
FLP-14/AF2 has also been found in Haemonchus contortus and Panagrellus redivius.
References are as follows: 1, Rosoff et al., 1992; 2, Kim and Li, 2004; 3, Rosoff et al., 1993; 4, Nelson et al., 1998b; 5, Waggoner et al., 2000; 6, Rogers et al., 2001; 7, Lowery et al., 2003; 8, Husson et al., 2005; 9, Husson et al., 2006; 10, Mertens et al., 2006; 11, Sieburth et al., 2005; 12, Nelson et al., 1998a; 13, Mertens et al., 2005; 14, Marks et al., 1998; 15, Mertens et al., 2004; 16, Davis and Stretton, 1996; 17, Marks et al., 1999a; 18, Marks et al., 1997; 19, Marks et al., 2001; 20, Li et al., 1999; 21, Marks et al., 1995; 22, Kubiak et al., 2003b; 23, Rogers et al., 2003; 24, Kubiak et al., 2003a; 25, de Bono and Bargmann, 1998; 26, Kubiak et al., 2008; 27, McVeigh et al., 2005; 28, Husson and Schoofs, 2007; pers. comm.: KA, K. Ashrafi; SH, Steven Husson; AM, A. Maule; LS, Lilianne Schoofs; UP, unpublished results; EST or OST in EST or ORFeome databases indicated only if not identified in canonical reference and sequence spans at least one intron. AF, Ascaris suum; PF, Panagrellus redivius. Modified from Li (2005).