TABLE 2.
Sample Characteristics
| Variable | No Impairment (n=1,148) |
Mild Impairment (n=1,077) |
Moderate NDI (n=1,112) |
Severe NDI (n=512) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neonatal Characteristics | |||||
| Gestational age (weeks)a-f | 26.6±2.1 | 26.3±2.0 | 26.0±2.0 | 25.7±2.0 | <.0001 |
| BPDb-f | 367 (32) | 372 (35) | 529 (49) | 349 (70) | <.0001 |
| IVH 3–4/PVLb-f | 165 (14) | 156 (14) | 245 (24) | 255 (53) | <.0001 |
| Multiple birth | 238 (21) | 217 (20) | 253 (23) | 128 (25) | .1029 |
| Maternal/Family Characteristics | |||||
| Maternal age (years)a,b | 27.4±7.0 | 26.5±6.9 | 26.5±6.9 | 26.9±6.9 | .0047 |
| Education <12th gradea-d | 214 (19) | 281 (26) | 380 (36) | 143 (30) | <.0001 |
| Medicaida-d,f | 499 (43) | 663 (62) | 803 (72) | 334 (65) | <.0001 |
| Unemployedb-e | 564 (49) | 589 (55) | 670 (60) | 326 (64) | <.0001 |
| Siblings in homeb,d | 299 (26) | 308 (29) | 380 (34) | 148 (29) | .0003 |
| Level of Function/Medical Need at 18 months | |||||
| G-tubeb-f | 10 (1) | 20 (2) | 56 (5) | 104 (20) | <.0001 |
| Does not ambulateb-f | 1 (0) | 5 (1) | 148 (13) | 390 (77) | <.0001 |
| Supplemental oxygenb-f | 9 (1) | 19 (2) | 55 (5) | 77 (15) | <.0001 |
| Ventilatorc,e,f | 1 (0) | 1 (0) | 6 (1) | 16 (3) | <.0001 |
| No. of hospitalizations since dischargea-f | 0.8±1.3 | 1.0±1.7 | 1.5±2.1 | 1.9±2.5 | <.0001 |
| Neurodevelopmental Status at 18 months | |||||
| Bayley MDIa-f | 97±9 | 81±8 | 65±10 | 54±11 | <.0001 |
| Bayley PDIa-f | 98±9 | 86±9 | 71±14 | 51±7 | <.0001 |
| Unmet Service Needs | |||||
| Visiting/home nurse | 3 (0) | 9 (1) | 14 (1) | 4 (1) | .0619 |
| OT/PTa-c | 24 (2) | 64 (6) | 98 (9) | 30 (6) | <.0001 |
| Speech therapya-d | 130 (11) | 230 (21) | 335 (30) | 133 (26) | <.0001 |
| Early interventiona-d,f | 60 (5) | 131 (12) | 216 (19) | 68 (13) | <.0001 |
| Social worka-c | 12 (1) | 39 (4) | 44 (4) | 26 (5) | <.0001 |
| Specialty medical clinicb | 15 (1) | 19 (2) | 33 (3) | 9 (2) | .0338 |
| Neurodevelopmental evaluation | 57 (5) | 60 (6) | 74 (7) | 38 (7) | .1553 |
| Any unmet service needa-d | 227 (20) | 342 (32) | 487 (44) | 193 (38) | <.0001 |
| Family Resources Scale | |||||
| FRS Scoresa-e | 131±16 | 137±19 | 125±20 | 124±19 | <.0001 |
M±SD; n (%).
Note. NDI=neurodevelopmental impairment; BPD=bronchopulmonary dysplasia; IVH=intraventricular hemorrhage; PVL=periventricular leukomalacia; MDI=Mental Development Index; PDI=Psychomotor Development Index; OT/PT=occupational therapy/physical therapy. Post hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted only when the overall test was significant at p<.05. To adjust for multiple comparisons, a p of .008 was required for the pairwise comparisons to maintain an effective Type 1 error rate of .05.
a
No vs. Mild (p<.008).
b
No vs. Moderate (p<.008).
c
No vs. Severe (p<.008).
d
Mild vs. Moderate (p<.008).
e
Mild vs. Severe (p<.008).
f
Moderate vs. Severe (p<.008).