Each value represents the mean ± the SEM of values obtained from three to four separate experiments. Values are expressed as the fold change in mRNA as calculated by the 2 -ΔΔC T method [Livak and Schmittgen, 2001]. The abbreviations Con, Eth, NAC and Mel are used in place of Control, Ethanol, N-acetylcysteine, and melatonin, respectively. * and ** identify values that are significantly different from the control value at p < .05 and p< .01, respectively; the ## identifies values in the EthNAC or EthMel groups that are significantly different from those in the Ethanol group (p < .01).