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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Pain. 2009 Sep;10(9):895–926. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.06.012

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Key intracellular pathways contributing to the generation of central sensitization. NMDAR activation causes activation of PKC, CaMKII, and ERK (black arrows); GluR1-containing AMPAR activate PKC (red arrow); NK1 and CGRP1 receptors activate PKC, PKA, and ERK (orange and brown arrows, respectively); TrkB s activates of PKC and ERK (purple arrows); and mGluR, via release of Ca2+ from microsomal stores, activates PKC and ERK (gray arrows). Note that most of the triggers of central sensitization: Activation of NMDAR, mGluR, TrkB, NK1, CGRP1, or B2 converge to activate ERK.