Table 4.

Rate ratio for epilepsy in offspring born before and after onset of mother’s epilepsy

Proband characteristics	No. of offspring* (No. affected)	Cumulative incidence to age 25	Rate ratio† (95% CI)
Before onset of epilepsy
History of spontaneous abortion‡	39 (4)	12.8	2.2 (0.6–8.1)
No history of spontaneous abortion	111 (5)	6.9	1.0 (reference)
After onset of epilepsy
History of spontaneous abortion	31 (5)	19.1	4.4 (0.9–17.1)
No history of spontaneous abortion	94 (4)	5.7	1.0 (reference)

Rate ratio for epilepsy in offspring of women with and without a history of spontaneous abortion. Risk of epilepsy in offspring of women with age at onset 20 –35 years, before and after onset of epilepsy.

^*Offspring with unknown history of epilepsy excluded.

^†Rate ratio calculated using Cox proportional hazards modeling.

^‡History of spontaneous abortion considered positive if at least one pregnancy was terminated in spontaneous abortion.