TABLE 1.
Cohort characteristics by the presence and absence of coronary calcium
| Variable | CAC score > 0 (n = 499) | CAC score = 0 (n = 565) | Pa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at WHI enrollment, yb | 55.6 (2.8) | 54.8 (2.9) | <0.01 |
| Age at CAC scan, yb | 65.3 (2.8) | 64.4 (2.9) | <0.01 |
| Ethnicityc | 0.24 | ||
| White | 377 (75.6) | 422 (74.7) | |
| Black | 73 (14.6) | 104 (18.4) | |
| Hispanic | 33 (6.6) | 32 (5.7) | |
| American Indian | 8 (1.6) | 1 (0.2) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | |
| Unknown | 6 (1.2) | 5 (1.0) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2)b | 31.5 (6.0) | 29.8 (6.1) | <0.01 |
| Waist circumference (cm)b | 94.9 (14.0) | 88.8 (13.9) | <0.01 |
| Waist-to-hip ratiob | 0.84 (0.1) | 0.80 (0.01) | <0.01 |
| Cigarette smoking, pack-yearsb | 13.6 (19.9) | 7.1 (14.4) | <0.01 |
| Physical activity, METsb | 9.0 (12.2) | 11.0 (13.8) | 0.06 |
| Educationc | <0.01 | ||
| 0–8 y | 6 (1.2) | 10 (1.8) | |
| Some high school | 22 (4.5) | 12 (2.1) | |
| High school diploma/GED | 124 (25.1) | 99 (17.7) | |
| School after high school | 219 (44.3) | 247 (44.1) | |
| College degree or higher | 123 (24.9) | 192 (34.3) | |
| Smoking status c | <0.01 | ||
| Never smoked | 212 (42.6) | 303 (54.0) | |
| Past smoker | 200 (40.2) | 216 (38.5) | |
| Current smoker | 85 (17.1) | 42 (7.5) | |
| Hypertensionc | 218 (48.3) | 176 (33.9) | <0.01 |
| High cholesterolc | 62 (14.8) | 36 (7.3) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitusc | 35 (7.0) | 18 (3.2) | 0.01 |
| Oophorectomyc | 0.15 | ||
| None | 195 (39.3) | 264 (47.1) | |
| Part of an ovary removed | 10 (2.0) | 8 (1.4) | |
| One ovary removed | 85 (17.1) | 73 (13.0) | |
| Both ovaries removed | 184 (37.1) | 194 (34.6) | |
| Do not know | 13 (2.6) | 11 (2.0) | |
| Years since bilateral oophorectomyb | 14.1 (7.3) | 12.8 (7.0) | 0.26 |
| Years since hysterectomyb | 16.2 (6.9) | 15.5 (6.8) | 0.57 |
| Reported previous HT usec | 0.88 | ||
| Never used | 236 (47.3) | 267 (47.3) | |
| Past user | 161 (32.3) | 173 (30.6) | |
| Current user | 102 (20.4) | 125 (22.1) | |
| Duration of previous HT use, yb | 3.0 (5.0) | 3.2 (5.2) | 0.40 |
| Years of no HT after hysterectomyb | 13.3 (7.9) | 12.5 (7.9) | 0.39 |
CAC, coronary artery calcium; WHI, Women’s Health Initiative; HT, hormone therapy.
a
Adjusted for age at enrollment in the WHI.
b
Mean (SD).
c
Frequency (%).