Figure 5.

HYLS-1 acts in an IFT-independent early step in ciliogenesis. (A) IFT is unchanged in residual cilia of hyls-1Δ animals. Stills from time-lapse sequences of amphid neurons expressing CHE-11:GFP (Supplemental Movies S1, S2) and kymographs showing IFT particle movement along ciliary axonemes. IFT rates were determined for particles in the distal segment. Note that there are eight ciliated neurons in each amphid bundle in wild-type, but only a single cilium in the hyls-1Δ mutant, explaining the difference in the number of particles. (B) CHE-11:GFP fails to accumulate at the transition zone of hyls-1Δ animals. Stills from time-lapse sequences of phasmid neurons expressing CHE-11:GFP. Arrowheads indicate position of transition zone. (C) Results of chemotaxis assays performed with wild-type and mutant animals. Each data point represents one assay with >100 animals. (D) Male mating efficiency of wild-type and mutant animals. The ability of individual L4 males to produce cross-progeny with unc-119 mutant hermaphrodites was scored (percentage of males producing crossprogeny; n = 20 per genotype). (E) Foraging behavior of wild-type and mutant animals. Tracks generated by a single animal left for 16 h on an NGM plate seeded with OP50 bacteria are shown. While wild-type animals efficiently explore their environment, cilia-defective mutant animals fail to do so, exhibiting a dwelling phenotype (Fujiwara et al. 2002). Bars: A,B, 5 μm; E, 1 cm.