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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Sep 25.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Res. 2008 Jan 4;102(1):16–31. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.164186

Table. Cardiovascular Phenotypes of Mice Deficient in Different Forkhead Factors.

Forkhead Knock-Out Mouse Cardiovascular Phenotype References
FoxC1 Congenital hydrocephalous and perinatal lethality. Aortic arch interruption, valve dysplasias, ventricular septal defects. 155
FoxC2 Embryonic and perinatal lethality. Aortic arch interruption, septal defects, aberrant recruitment of mural cells to lymphatic vessels, absence of lymphatic valves. 122,140
Compound FoxC1/FoxC2 Embryos die around 9.0 days postcoitum. Disorganized mesodermal patterning, abnormal remodeling of vascular plexi, deficient arterial specification, absence of outflow tract, incomplete cardiac morphogenesis. 121,124
FoxF1 Embryos die around 8.5 days post coitum. Absence of vascularization in the yolk sac and allantois. Ectopic expression of endothelial and smooth muscle cell-lineage markers in the amnion and other extra embryonic tissues. 127
FoxH1 Embryos lack midline structures and the absence of anterior heart field results in malformations in the outflow tract and right ventricle. 152,156
FoxM1 Aberrant cardiomyocyte polyploidy apparent as early as embryonic day 13 (E13) attributable to irregular re-replication. Arteriolar smooth muscle cells appear hypertrophied. Defective formation and maintenance of lung microvasculature. 132,134,153,157
FoxO1 Impaired angiogenesis evident around E9.5 with defects found in dorsal aorta, branches of carotid artery and intersomitic and yolk sac vessels. Delayed cardiac looping accompanied by distended pericardium. Deletion of FoxO1 alleles in the adult results in mild hemangiomas present mainly in uteri of female mice. 25,26,74
FoxO3 Homozygous null mice are viable and grossly indistinguishable from wild type littermates. Enhanced formation and maturation of vessels following hind limb ischemia. Enhanced hypertrophic growth of the heart at baseline. 25,74,87,147
FoxO4 Homozygous null mice are viable, fertile and grossly indistinguishable from wild type littermates. Following carotid artery ligation mice exhibit reduced intimal hyperplasia. 25,74,120
Compound FoxO1/FoxO3/ FoxO4 Deletion of all six alleles in the adult results in the development of hemangiomas in tissues such as the liver, skeletal muscle, bone marrow, abdominal wall and uterus. Tumors do not form in lung or kidney. 74
FoxP1 Embryos die at E14.5 attributable to aberrant cardiac development. Defects include reduced thickness of myocardium, valve dysplasias and insufficient outflow tract septation. 151