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VEGF production in wild-type and IL-18BP MSCs exposed to TNFα, LPS, or hypoxia. MSCs from wild-type and IL-18BP transgenic mice were stimulated with 50 ng/mL TNFα (A), 100 ng/mL LPS (B), or 1% O2–hypoxia (C) in the absence or presence of IL-18 (100 ng/mL). After 24 h of incubation, cell supernatants were collected for the measurement of VEGF production by ELISA. (Mean ± SEM, n = 3 individual experiments, *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001 vs. control; #, P < 0.05 vs. TNF or LPS)
