Table 2. Multivariate prevalence rate ratios for epithelial and stromal inflammation^a.

	Epithelial inflammation adjusted PRR (95% CI)	P	Stromal inflammation adjusted PRR (95% CI)	P
Age (years)
15-24	1.0		1.0
25-34	1.1 (0.4-2.5)	0.9	-
35-50	0.8 (0.3-2.1)	0.7	0.9 (0.5-1.5)	0.6
HIV and HSV-2 status
No HIV or HSV infection	1.0		1.0
HSV-2 infection alone	-		1.6 (0.6-4.2)	0.3
H1V infection alone	1.9 (0.5-7.0)	0.4	1.8 (0.9-3.6)	0.08
HIV/HSV-2 coinfection	6.1 (1.8-20.1)	0.003	3.6 (2.0-6.9)	<0.001
Highest education levelb
Primary			1.0
Secondary or postsecondary	-		0.4 (0.2-0.9)	0.03
Primary occupationb
Agriculture	1.0		1.0
Government	1.9 (0.5-7.1)	0.4	-
Fishing	2.2 (0.7-7.1)	0.2	-
Student	-		0.9 (0.2-4.0)	0.9
Shopkeeper or trading	1.3 (0.6-2.9)	0.5	1.4 (0.9-2.2)	0.1
Number of sexual partners in the past 5 yearsb
0-1	1.0		1.0
2	1.7 (0.6-4.9)	0.3	1.0 (0.6-1.9)	0.9
3	1.5 (0.5-4.9)	0.5	1.2 (0.6-2.2)	0.6
4+	2.1 (0.8-5.4)	0.1	1.6 (0.9-2.8)	0.1
Self-reported symptoms of STIsc
Genital ulceration	2.4 (1.1-5.3)	0.03	1.3 (0.7-2.7)	0.4
Examination findings of STDsd
Smegma	5.9 (1.4-24.4)	0.01	3.0 (1.2-7.2)	0.02

CI, confidence interval; HSV, herpes simplex virus; PRR, prevalence rate ratio; STD, sexually transmitted disease; STI, sexually transmitted infection.

^aMultivariate Poisson regression; covariates meeting a P value cut-off of 0.1 or less on univariate analysis were included in the final model.

^bReport at enrollment.

^cDuring the week prior to circumcision.

^dPreoperative examination.