Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to incident diabetes status in 21,984 men and women: EPIC-Norfolk Study 1993–2005
| No incident diabetes | Incident diabetes | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 21,259 | 725 | |
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 58.0 ± 9.3 | 61.3 ± 8.3 | ≤0.0001 |
| Women | 11,871 (55.8) | 312 (43.0) | ≤0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 ± 3.8 | 29.7 ± 4.7 | ≤0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.5 ± 12.1 | 99.4 ± 12.6 | ≤0.0001 |
| Family history of diabetes | 2,594 (12.2) | 164 (22.6) | ≤0.001 |
| Smokers, current | 2,495 (11.8) | 77 (10.7) | 0.37 |
| Education level | ≤0.001 | ||
| 1 (lowest) | 8,187 (38.5) | 342 (47.2) | |
| 2 | 2,796 (13.2) | 80 (11.0) | |
| 3 | 7,452 (35.1) | 231 (31.9) | |
| 4 (highest) | 2,808 (13.2) | 72 (9.9) | |
| Physical activity | ≤0.001 | ||
| Inactive | 6,046 (28.4) | 306 (42.2) | |
| Moderately inactive | 6,199 (29.2) | 167 (23.0) | |
| Moderately active | 4,951 (23.3) | 136 (18.8) | |
| Active | 4,062 (19.1) | 116 (16.0) | |
| Dietary characteristics | |||
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2,030.2 ± 579.1 | 2,054.1 ± 621.0 | 0.94 |
| Fat intake (g/day) | 77.1 ± 29.6 | 77.0 ± 29.8 | 0.94 |
| n-3 PUFA intake (g/day) | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 1.5 (1.2–2.0) | 0.13 |
| Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | 255.9 ± 86.8 | 256.4 ± 82.2 | 0.89 |
| Fiber intake (g/day) | 17.6 (14.0, 21.9) | 16.8 (13.1, 21.6) | <0.01 |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 83.2 ± 21.4 | 82.8 ± 21.5 | 0.64 |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 4.7 (0.8–10.9) | 2.8 (0–10.4) | ≤0.001 |
| Fruit and vegetable intake (g/day) | 451.7 (246.4) | 431.8 (238.1) | 0.02 |
| Plasma vitamin C (μmol/l) | 54.2 ± 20.1 | 43.5 ± 18.0 | ≤0.0001 |
| Fish oil supplements at baseline (yes) | 6,530 (30.7) | 208 (28.7) | 0.24 |
| Multivitamin supplement use at baseline (yes) | 9,717 (45.7) | 283 (39.0) | ≤0.0001 |
| Fish intake (≥1 portions/week of fish intake) | |||
| Total fish intake | 18,505 (89.2) | 607 (86.7) | 0.04 |
| White fish intake | 8,850 (41.8) | 274 (38.0) | 0.04 |
| Oily fish intake | 7,645 (36.1) | 220 (30.5) | ≤0.01 |
| Fried fish intake | 5,030 (23.8) | 188 (26.0) | 0.18 |
| Fish fingers intake | 1,290 (6.1) | 42 (5.9) | 0.82 |
| Shellfish intake | 1,534 (7.2) | 74 (10.2) | ≤0.01 |
| Fish roe intake | 214 (1.0) | 5 (0.7) | 0.40 |
Data are means ±SD, n (%), or median (IQR). P values correspond to t test for continuous variables, χ2 test for categorical variables, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test (for medians).