Table 2.
General baseline characteristics of the cohort according to total and different types of fish intake: EPIC-Norfolk Study
| Portions/week |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total fish | White fish | |||
| <1 | ≥1 | <1 | ≥1 | |
| n* | 2,330 | 19,112 | 12,781 | 9,124 |
| Incident diabetes* | 93 | 607† | 447 | 274 |
| Age (years) | 56.9 ± 9.2 | 58.2 ± 9.2‡ | 57.0 ± 9.2 | 59.7 ± 9.0 |
| Sex (women) | 1,204 (51.7) | 10,649 (55.7)† | 6,666 (52.2) | 5,461 (59.9)§ |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.1 ± 3.9 | 26.3 ± 3.9 | 26.3 ± 3.9 | 26.2 ± 3.8‡ |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.9 ± 12.4 | 87.8 ± 12.3 | 88.3 ± 12.3 | 87.3 ± 12.2§ |
| Family history of diabetes | 294 (12.6) | 2,406 (12.6) | 447 (3.5) | 274 (3.0) |
| Smokers, current | 359 (15.6) | 2,146 (11.3) | 1,664 (13.1) | 896 (9.9)§ |
| Education level | ||||
| 1 (lowest) | 933 (40.1) | 7,321 (38.3) | 4,915 (38.5) | 3,569 (39.2) |
| 2 | 279 (12.0) | 2,528 (13.2) | 1,682 (13.2) | 1,184 (13.0) |
| 3 | 814 (35.0) | 6,724 (35.2) | 4,556 (35.7) | 3,109 (34.1) |
| 4 (highest) | 303 (13.0) | 2,526 (13.2) | 1,621 (12.7) | 1,253 (13.8) |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Inactive | 697 (29.9) | 5,477 (28.7) | 3,705 (29.0) | 2,623 (28.8)‡ |
| Moderately inactive | 636 (27.3) | 5,581 (29.2) | 3,604 (28.2) | 2,746 (30.1) |
| Moderately active | 546 (23.4) | 4,433 (23.2) | 3,018 (23.6) | 2,051 (22.5) |
| Active | 451 (19.4) | 3,620 (18.9) | 2,453 (19.2) | 1,704 (18.7) |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1,839.5 ± 566.1 | 2,068.6 ± 597.42§ | 2,010.4 ± 598.2 | 2,090.8 ± 596.9§ |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 2.3 (0–9.4) | 4.7 (0.8–11.0)§ | 3.6 (0.8–10.5) | 4.9 (0.8–11.3)§ |
| Fruit and vegetable intake (g/day) | 340.2 (229.1–478.7) | 418.2 (295.7–571.2)† | 374.6 (258.3–517.1) | 460.4 (335.2–623.6)§ |
| Plasma vitamin C (μmol/l) | 53 (38–66) | 55 (42–66)§ | 53 (40–65) | 56 (44–68)§ |
| Fish oil supplements at baseline | 535 (23.0) | 6,023 (31.5) | 3,499 (27.4) | 3,222 (35.3)§ |
| <1 | ≥1 | <1 | ≥1 | |
| n* | 14,059 | 7,865 | 20,319 | 1,608 |
| Incident diabetes* | 502 | 220‡ | 650 | 74‡ |
| Age (years) | 58.3 ± 9.3 | 58.0 ± 9.1‡ | 58.2 ± 9.2 | 57.4 ± 9.1† |
| Sex (women) | 7,388 (52.6) | 4,760 (60.5)§ | 11,203 (55.1) | 943 (58.6)§ |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.3 ± 3.9 | 26.2 ± 3.9‡ | 26.2 ± 3.8 | 26.7 ± 4.1† |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 88.5 ± 12.3 | 86.8 ± 12.1§ | 87.8 ± 12.2 | 88.6 ± 12.9 |
| Family history of diabetes | 1,714 (12.2) | 1,036 (13.2) | 2,546 (12.5) | 209 (13.0)‡ |
| Smokers, current | 1,833 (13.2) | 735 (9.4)§ | 2,345 (11.6) | 223 (14.0)‡ |
| Education level | ||||
| 1 (lowest) | 5,624 (40.0) | 2,876 (36.6) | 7,924 (39.0) | 581 (36.2) |
| 2 | 1,744 (12.4) | 1,123 (14.3) | 2,644 (13.0) | 221 (13.8) |
| 3 | 4,978 (35.4) | 2,690 (34.2) | 7,089 (34.9) | 580 (36.1) |
| 4 (highest) | 1,702 (12.1) | 1,171 (14.9)§ | 2,650 (13.1) | 223 (13.9) |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Inactive | 4,351 (31.0) | 1,984 (25.2) | 5,868 (28.9) | 464 (28.9)† |
| Moderately inactive | 3,946 (28.1) | 2,403 (30.6) | 5,884 (29.0) | 465 (28.9) |
| Moderately active | 3,169 (22.5) | 1,903 (24.2) | 4,744 (23.4) | 333 (20.7) |
| Active | 2,592 (18.4) | 1,575 (20.0)§ | 3,822 (18.8) | 346 (21.5) |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1,999.0 ± 596.0 | 2,124.0 ± 597.2§ | 2,035.5 ± 594.7 | 2,145.5 ± 645.5§ |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 3.6 (0.8–10.5) | 5.1 (1.0–11.4)§ | 4.1 (0.8–10.6) | 7.4 (1.6–16.1)§ |
| Fruit and vegetable intake (g/day) | 375.4 (261.6–519.0) | 471.8 (347.0–635.3)§ | 404.9 (283.0–556.2) | 478.4 (344.4–663.0)§ |
| Plasma vitamin C (μmol/l) | 53 (39–65) | 57 (45–68)§ | 54 (41–66) | 54 (42–67) |
| Fish oil supplements at baseline | 3,888 (27.7) | 2,828 (36.0)§ | 6,205 (30.5) | 516 (32.1) |
Data are means ± SD, n (%), or median (IQR) unless otherwise stated. P values correspond to t test for continuous variables, χ2 test for categorical variables, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test (for medians).
*Because of missing values for categories of fish intake numbers do not total 21,984, the cohort total (missing: total fish, 542; white fish, 79; oily fish, 60; and shellfish, 57). Similarly, numbers of cases do not total 725 because of missing values for fish intake (missing: total fish, 25; white fish, 4; oily fish, 3; and shellfish, 1).
†P ≤ 0.05;
‡P ≤ 0.01;
§P ≤ 0.0001.