Table 1.
Dietary total fiber and mean levels of biological risk markers and adjusted relative risk of type 2 diabetes by quartiles of total, cereal, and vegetable/fruit fiber intake
| Quartiles of total fiber (g/day) |
P for trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (≤20) | 2 (20.1–24.9) | 3 (25.0–30.9) | 4 (31.0+) | |||
| n | 864 | 854 | 841 | 869 | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 148.4 | 148.0 | 148.9 | 148.3 | 0.96 | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l)* | 1.63 | 1.58 | 1.57 | 1.57 | 0.04 | |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.34 | 1.32 | 1.34 | 1.34 | 0.79 | |
| Glucose (mmol/l)* | 5.53 | 5.53 | 5.53 | 5.53 | 0.94 | |
| HOMA | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.69 | 0.63 | 0.05 | |
| GGT (IU/dl)* | 30.6 | 28.2 | 26.0 | 25.8 | <0.0001 | |
| ALT (IU/dl) | 15.3 | 15.3 | 15.6 | 15.6 | 0.40 | |
| CRP (mg/l)* | 2.14 | 1.70 | 1.60 | 1.35 | <0.0001 | |
| IL-6 (pg/ml)* | 2.80 | 2.36 | 2.34 | 2.16 | <0.0001 | |
| t-PA (ng/ml) | 11.7 | 11.1 | 10.4 | 10.1 | <0.0001 | |
| Total fiber (quarters) | Low (≤20 g/day) vs. rest | |||||
| Diabetes rate/1,000 person-years (n) | 9.5 (54) | 7.7 (41) | 5.4 (30) | 6.5 (37) | ||
| Relative risk (95% CI) | ||||||
| Age adjusted | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.48–1.17) | 0.53 (0.34–0.83) | 0.63 (0.42–0.96) | 1.60 (1.15–2.21) | |
| A | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.44–1.04) | 0.59 (0.37–0.95) | 0.82 (0.51–1.32) | 1.47 (1.03–2.11) | |
| B | 1.00 | 0.70 (0.45–1.07) | 0.61 (0.38–0.98) | 0.83 (0.52–1.13) | 1.43 (1.00–2.02) | |
| C | 1.00 | 0.70 (0.46–1.03) | 0.64 (0.40–0.97) | 0.86 (0.50–1.20) | 1.39 (0.97–1.99) | |
| D | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.49–1.18) | 0.69 (0.43–1.13) | 0.95 (0.59–1.53) | 1.28 (0.88–1.86) | |
| Cereal fiber (quarters) | Low (<6.9 g/day) vs. rest | |||||
| Diabetes rate/1,000 person-years (n) | 10.0 (55) | 6.9 (38) | 6.1 (35) | 6.1 (34) | ||
| Relative risk (95% CI) | ||||||
| Age adjusted | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.46–1.05) | 0.61 (0.40–0.94) | 0.56 (0.37–0.86) | 1.61 (1.16–2.23) | |
| A | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.48–1.17) | 0.64 (0.41–1.02) | 0.70 (0.44–1.12) | 1.43 (1.00–2.06) | |
| B | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.50–1.19) | 0.65 (0.41–1.03) | 0.71 (0.44–1.14) | 1.42 (0.98–2.04) | |
| C | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.49–1.20) | 0.66 (0.42–1.05) | 0.72 (0.45–1.16) | 1.39 (0.97–2.04) | |
| D | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.51–1.24) | 0.71 (0.45–1.13) | 0.76 (0.47–1.22) | 1.32 (0.91–1.91) | |
| Vegetable fiber (quarters) | Low (<11.3 g/day) vs. rest | |||||
| Diabetes rate/1,000 person-years (n) | 10.3 (61) | 7.2 (42) | 5.7 (32) | 5.9 (34) | ||
| Relative risk (95% CI) | ||||||
| Age adjusted | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.47–1.06) | 0.55 (0.36–0.85) | 0.57 (0.37–0.88) | 1.64 (1.18–2.29) | |
| A | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.55–1.27) | 0.59 (0.37–0.93) | 0.74 (0.46–1.19) | 1.40 (0.98–1.98) | |
| B | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.55–1.29) | 0.60 (0.38–0.94) | 0.76 (0.49–1.22) | 1.38 (0.97–1.95) | |
| C | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.57–1.32) | 0.60 (0.38–0.95) | 0.75 (0.51–1.21) | 1.36 (0.96–1.94) | |
| D | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.61–1.42) | 0.63 (0.39–0.99) | 0.83 (0.50–1.31) | 1.28 (0.89–1.82) | |
Data are means or *geometric means, as shown, unless otherwise indicated. A, adjusted for age, waist circumference, cigarette smoking, physical activity, social class, alcohol intake, preexisting myocardial infarction, stroke, use of statins, and total calorie intake; B, adjusted for A and IL-6; C, adjusted for A and IL-6 and t-PA; D, adjusted for A and IL-6, t-PA antigen, and GGT. Low = bottom quartile of the fiber distribution, rest = 2nd–4th quartile.