FIG. 5.

BV transduction activated the TLR3 signaling pathway. (A) Activation of TRIF, IRF-3, and NF-κB. (B) Nuclear translocation of IRF-3 and NF-κB. The nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins were separately extracted from the transduced hMSCs (MOI of 100) and analyzed by Western blotting using primary antibodies specific for human TRIF, phosphorylated IRF-3 (p-IRF-3), phosphorylated NF-κB (p-NF-κB), or β-actin. Alternatively, cells were immunostained with antibodies specific for human IRF-3 or phosphorylated NF-κB for confocal microscopy. For comparison, the cells were left untreated or were treated with poly(I:C) for 24 h for the same analyses. Magnification, ×1,000.