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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurobiol Dis. 2009 Mar 10;35(2):148–156. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.02.016

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Phases of molecular biomarker development. Biomarker development advances from discovery studies to small to medium scale cross-sectional studies (designated phase I biomarker studies) to large-scale prospective studies (phase II biomarker studies) to clinical phase III randomized, placebo-controlled trials of biomarker & disease-modifying drug combinations (combined phase III clinical & biomarker trial). Each phase reduces uncertainty about the candidate molecular biomarker.