Table 2.
Mean (SD) kinematics of COM stability and of limb support as a function of slip outcome for gait-slip and sit-to-stand-slip (STS) at investigated events, which included slipping (right) limb touchdown (R-TD) in gait and seat-off (SO) in sit-to-stand to characterized preslip behavior. Recovery foot liftoff (L-LO), immediate pre recovery foot touchdown (L-TDpre) and its touchdown (L-TDpost) are also analyzed for both tasks. Hip motion remains unchanged between the latter two.
| Stability (× 10−2) | Hip height (/bh × 100%) | Hip velocity (/bh/s × 100%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gait | Single-Step Fall (n = 9) |
Recovery (n = 44) |
Multi-Step Fall (n = 4) |
Single-Step Fall |
Recovery |
Multi-Step Fall |
Single-Step Fall |
recovery |
Multi-step fall |
| R-TD | −14.4(4.9) | −12.9(4.6) | −16.3(4.6) | 48.1(1.4) | 48.3(1.5) | 46.7(2.7) | −5.9(6.7) | −2.8(6.2) | −3.9(1.6) |
| L-LO | −35.8(8.8)b | −19.8(9.7) | −28.9(13.4) | 48.3(1.3)b | 49.9(1.7) | 47.6(2.7) | −4.8(8.6)b | 3.3(7.1) | −0.4(0.5) |
| L-TDpre | −47.4(11.2)c | −29.4.0(12.0) | −37.0 (14.7) | 47.1(1.5)c | 49.1(1.6) | 47.1(2.3) | −25.2(5.9)c | −13.3(8.4) | −9.9(9.2) |
| L-TDpost |
92.7(26.2) |
88.9(19.6) |
91.5(25.5) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| STS | Single-Step Fall (n = 9) |
Recovery (n = 32) |
Multi-Step Fall (n = 3) |
Single-Step Fall |
Recovery |
Multi-Step Fall |
Single-Step Fall |
recovery |
Multi-step fall |
| SO | 5.5(2.1)a | 7.2(3.9)a | 3.6(4.2) | 41.8(2.0)a | 41.9(1.6)a | 42.8(2.2) | 36.5(8.1)a | 37.1(8.4)a | 33.4(7.0) |
| L-LO | −11.3(7.7)a | −8.9(10.4)a | −31.1(10.5) | 49.5(1.3) | 49.6(1.8) | 49.4(2.0) | −30.5(20.0)a | −31.9(3.3)a | −8.6(10.1) |
| L-TDpre | −32.0(10.8)a,d | −20.6(13.9)a | −33.7(9.1) | 43.6(1.6)c,e | 49.5(1.6) | 47.6(3.1) | −40.2(14.7)a,c | −29.7(9.8)a | −12.4(9.3) |
| L_TDpost | 5.5(15.0)a,f | 22.5(9.8)a | 6.9(13.9) | ||||||
p < 0.001 vs. gait-slip (main effect of task)
p < 0.001 vs. gait-slip recovery (interaction of task and slip outcome)
p < 0.001 vs. recovery (main effect of slip outcome)
p < 0.05 vs. recovery (main effect of slip outcome)
p < 0.05 vs. gait-slip fall (interaction of task and slip outcome)
p < 0.001 vs. STS-slip recovery (interaction effect of task and slip outcome).
Statistical analysis was not performed for multi-step fallers due to small sample size.