Table 1.
Comparison of all study groups at baseline entry into the study (N=395)
| Variable | CABG (n=152) |
OPCAB (N=75) |
NSCC (N=99) |
HHC (N=69) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Mean age (years) | 63.6 (9.4) | 66.0 (10.5) | 65.7 (9.2) | 62.5 (10.9) |
| Age ≥ 75 (years) | 13% | 20% | 16% | 16% |
| Male gender | 76% | 72% | 75% | 71% |
| Mean education (years) c | 14.1 (4.0) | 13.4 (3.3) | 14.4 (3.4) | 16.0 (2.6) |
| College education (>bachelors) | 26% | 17% | 32% | 36% |
| Caucasian | 90% | 93% | 93% | 96% |
| Retired c | 46% | 60% | 59% | 36% |
| Medical History | ||||
| Past stroke | 5% | 3% | 4% | 0 a |
| Carotid bruit | 17% | 12% | 8% | X |
| Hypertension | 64% | 68% | 52% | 0 a |
| Diabetes mellitus | 30% | 37% | 22% | 0 a |
| High risk for stroke b | 9% | 15% | 8% | 0 a |
| Peripheral vascular disease d | 16% | 25% | 6% | 0 a |
| Transient ischemic attack | 5% | 4% | 2% | 0 a |
| Myocardial infarction | 47% | 56% | 49% | 0 a |
| Myocardial infarction past month d | 18% | 15% | 2% | 0 a |
| History of chest pain/angina d | 79% | 78% | 62% | 0 a |
| History of atrial fibrillation | 10% | 17% | 15% | 0 a |
| Three vessel coronary disease d | 78% | 59% | 26% | 0 a |
| Mean # diseased coronaries d | 2.73 (0.5) | 2.49 (0.7) | 1.95 (0.7) | 0 a |
| PCI d | 21% | 27% | 52% | 0 a |
| Past cardiac surgery | 9% | 6% | 0 a | 0 a |
| Taking a beta-blocker | 66% | 59% | 62% | 1% a |
| Taking a statin | 60% | 59% | 61% | 0 a |
| Taking an antidepressant | 10% | 12% | 14% | 7% |
| General anesthesia in past 5 years | 24% | 32% | 25% | 35% |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary dis. | 9% | 7% | 5% | 1% |
| Family history Alzheimer's disease | 13% | 12% | 9% | 23% |
| Smoking history | 70% | 71% | 57% | 55% |
| Currently smoking c | 11% | 16% | 4% | 3% a |
| Elective surgical case | 61% | 63% | - | - |
| Physiologic Data | ||||
| Mean serum BUN (mg/L) d | 17.5 (6.5) | 21.7 (13.5) | 16.8 (5.7) | X |
| Mean serum creatinine (mg/L) | 1.05 (.44) | 1.18 (.57) | 1.04 (.27) | X |
| Any APO-e4 genotype | 25% | 29% | 30% | 25% |
| Mean systolic BP (mmHg) c/ d | 131 (22) | 132 (20) | 141 (27) | 127 (17) |
| Mean diastolic BP (mmHg) c/ d | 73 (11) | 72 (11) | 79 (13) | 77 (11) |
| Mean MAP (mmHg) c/ d | 92 (13) | 92 (12) | 100 (16) | 94 (12) |
| Mean heart rate (BPM) | 66 (14) | 71 (17) | 66 (11) | 69 (11) |
| Mean pulse pressure c | 58.0 (19) | 60.5 (17) | 62.0 (21) | 49.6 (12) |
| Pulse pressure >65 c | 29.5% | 34.7% | 34.0% | 11.8% |
| Test Data | ||||
| Mean MMSE score c | 27.6 (2.4) | 27.7 (2.0) | 27.9 (2.0) | 28.5 (1.9) |
| MMSE score <24 | 4.6% | 4.2% | 6.1% | 1.4% |
| Mean CES-D score c/ d | 13.2 (9.6) | 12.6 (10.4) | 9.3 (8.3) | 6.2 (7.2) |
| CES-D score >15 c | 33% | 30% | 17% | 10% |
| Mean FSQ score c/ d | 30.6 (5.1) | 29.9 (5.6) | 32.9 (3.9) | 34.6 (2.6) |
| Mean cognitive testing times (mins) | 56 (11) | 57 (11) | 56 (9) | 52 (8) |
APO = apolipoprotein e-4 allele present; BP = blood pressure in mmHg = millimeters of mercury; BPM = beats per minute; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; mg/L = milligrams per liter; CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting; CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Study-Depression, score >15 indicative of depressive symptoms 8; FSQ = Beth Israel Functional Status Questionnaire, physical functioning score (best functional score = 36)9; HHC = healthy heart control; MAP = mean arterial pressure; MMSE = Mini-Mental Status Exam (best score = 30) 7; means shown with standard deviations in brackets; NSCC = non-surgical cardiac comparison; OPCAB = off-pump coronary artery bypass; PCI = Percutaneous coronary intervention, either angioplasty and/or stent placement; Pulse pressure = systolic minus diastolic blood pressure; X = data not collected for this group.
subjects screened for this/these variables prior to enrollment
McKhann et al. Arch Neurol 200223
indicates significant difference (p<0.01) between the 4 study groups
indicates significant difference (p<0.01) between the 3 coronary artery disease groups.