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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Dec 15.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Res. 2008 Sep 24;1245:96–107. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.043

Figure 1.

Figure 1

VLPO neurons containing kappa or mu opioid receptors are also sleep-active. In A, a 10X image shows Fos induced by sleep and kappa receptor mRNA in the VLPO. Opioid kappa receptor mRNA (B, enlarged from A) and mu receptor mRNA shown in sliver grains (C) are expressed in most Fos positive cells (brown color). Arrows indicate double-labeled cells and arrowheads indicate cells labeled only for Fos. In D, the “*” in the parastrial area indicates the typical location of the cannula tip used for drug infusions. Panel E shows the location of the cannulae (6 cases) used to infuse drugs (see Figure 2) into the VLPO region. OC = optic chiasm.