Table 1.

Violence against children in Pakistan: peer-reviewed published papers

Source	Setting	Population studied	Type of study/ methods	Primary topic	Secondary themes
Miller 1984	Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India/ predominantly rural (some urban)	Boys and girls aged less than 10 years	Cross-cultural study/ethnography/ based on previous studies, national data	Daughter neglect	Juvenile sex ratios, mortality, women's work roles and marriage patterns
Aftab 1991	Lahore (urban area)	360 working boys and girls (10 occupational groups)	Arbitrary sampling, interview survey	Child labour	Poverty, illiteracy, survival, rural-urban migration, labour laws, and juvenile delinquency
Talaat 1996	Urban Peshawar	30 working boys aged 9-17 years (83.7% 12-17 years)	Interviews and observations	Child labour in low-class hotels and restaurants	Social and emotional status of working children
Miller 1997	Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka	Boys and girls aged less than 15 years	Review of studies	Social class, gender, intrahousehold food allocation	Nutritional discrimination, female child mortality, sex ratios of surviving children, son preference, breastfeeding, malnutrition, stunting, and wasting
Gadit 1998	Urban-community mental health clinic, Karachi 1995-1997	200 boys and girls with severe depression	Clinical assessment, semi-structured interviews	Depression among abused children	Physical or sexual abuse, emotional deprivation, false implication in crimes, harassment by employer and social disadvantage
Mustansar 1998	Urban and rural Pakistan	Boys and girls aged less than 15 years	Review paper	Child labour	Reasons and types of child labour, and strategies to deal with this issue
Tahir 1998			Editorial	Child labour	Child labour terminology and interpretation
Talaat 1999	Urban Peshawar	230 working boys and girls aged 3-17 years (37.4% 15-17 years)	Simple questionnaire, observation	Child labour	Poverty, working conditions, lack of leisure and play, job security, malnutrition, and psychosocial problems
Channar 2000	Urban Bhawalpur	Boys and girls aged 7-15 years	Survey and interviews	Determinants of child labour	Socioeconomic conditions, poverty alleviation, compulsory education, work environment, ‘childhood’ as a right, and family planning
Mehnaz 2001	Urban Karachi	250 secondary school boys and girls	Survey, structured interviews, random sampling	Impact of street violence on children	Depression, sense of security, change in behavioural pattern, tendency towards aggression/ weapons for security
Aziz 2002	Pakistan	Boys and girls aged less than 18 years	Editorial	Violence against children	Child neglect, sex discrimination, and impact on health
Tabassum 2002	Squatter settlement/ peri-urban	150 working boys aged 12-14 years (mean=13.91 years)	Cross-sectional survey (systematic random sampling)	Child labour	Causes of child labour and occupational and health-related problems
Pakistan Pediatric Journal 2002	Pakistan	Boys and girls in the developing world	Editorial	Mental health services for children	Consequences of violence, psychiatric morbidity, and mental health services
Sethi 2002	Karachi city urban	112,029 child labourers aged 10 years or younger	Clinical screening	Child labour in Karachi	Reasons for working and working conditions