Table 2.

Violence against children in Pakistan: reports from government, NGO, and international organizations

Organizational source	Setting	Characteristics of population studied	Methods	Primary topic	Secondary themes
UNICEF 1998	Pakistan, Bangladesh, India	Girls aged less than 18 years	Comparison of secondary data	Status of girl child	Education, health, income, rapes of minors, human traffcking, and sexual exploitation
Sahil 1998	Pakistan	Boys and girls aged less than 18 years	Review of print media reports	Child abuse	Identifcation and prevention of physical and sexual child abuse
Mehnaz A. Pakistan Pediatric Forum 2000	Pakistan	Boys and girls aged less than 18 years	Review of newspaper reports, hospital observations, and NGO data	Child abuse	Strategies to combat child abuse
Pakistan Pediatric Association Child's Right's Group 2002	Pakistan	Boys and girls aged less than 18 years	Review of data from organizations, print media, Chief Chemical Examiner's Office, and Police Surgeons Office	Child sexual abuse in Pakistan	Issues of collecting data, abuser categories, child development, and gender disparities
Society for the Protection of the Rights of the Child 2002	Pakistan	Boys and girls aged less than 18 years	Government and multilateral agencies’ reports and surveys	State of Pakistani children	Poverty, health, education, child labour, child rights, violence against children, birth registration, child sexual abuse, juvenile justice, and media violence
Human Rights Watch 2002	Global perspective	Boys and girls aged over 18 years	Review of ILO, UNICEF and World Bank reports	Children's rights	Developing countries, bonded child labour, labour laws, and child traffcking
Human Rights Commission of Pakistan 2003	Punjab province	Boys and girls aged less than 18 years	Reported cases	Child abuse	Sexual abuse, child abduction, and killings
UNICEF Pakistan 2003	Pakistan	Women and children	Review paper	The right's framework	Education, advocacy, health, and protection. Accountability and universality of the programmes
Raheela Asfa Undated	Pakistan	Boys and girls aged less than 18 years	Review of organizational reports	Role of UNICEF in preventing child abuse	Causes and possible prevention of child abuse and parental behaviour

ILO=International Labour Organization; NGOs=Non-governmental organizations; UNICEF=United Nations Children's Fund